I dont belive in ghost Essay Example for Free

I dont belive in ghost EssayI dont belive in ghost,I said to my grand mom.But she shocked me by saying her aversion incident that she experienced .A fort night ago,she was alone at home and we children were playing in the garden.She was going to watch a horror movie.A very thrilling scene was going to happen,she said.Suddenly the lights started to flicker and there was a powercut.She heard nises f someone counting numbers.As it counted till ten,it saidI am coming. She got scared.She went to switch on the emergency light but unfortunately it was not charged. It was really dark. Some how she managed toreach her room. She sat on the bed and started to pray. She heard noises,but as she was scared she did not go to see who was there. She heard noises of doors shutting,someone saying shhhhhhhh,and so on. As soon as the light came, she came outand saw that there was no one.After narrating the whole story she said that she believed in ghost.I suddenly started to lauh and said that it do es not make sense.Evil spirits and ghost donot exist. I told her actually what happened. We cousins were playing in the garden.As it started btto rain,thre was a sudden powercut. We came in and therefore decided to play hie and seek. One of us started to count and we all started to hide ourselves.I said t her that we were the ones who made that noises.As the rain stopped,the light came an we went back to the garden for playing.Thats the reason she could notsee anyone in the house.I tld her not to believe in such incidents and try to find the logic behind it. She lso started to laugh.i would like to convey a knead that never ever believe in ghost.

Target Population Essay Example for Free

Target Population EssayMy Target population lead vary from area to area, different people live in different areas. Some areas people of higher status and class will want high quality goods. other areas rent could be lower so this could effect my choice of pickle as well. Also the time of year could effect my target population, during the summer in that location would be more tourists than locals, and non many people like to go bring out to dine during the winter. The style of the restaurant will affect the target population, how I decorate the restaurant, the choice of colours and chooses of music as well. The choice of advertising will earn different sorts of target population, if I advertised in a higher class magazine or paper, I would get customers with a higher status. If I advertised in a teen magazine I would expect teenagers to come to my restaurant. Advertising on the city radio could attract local business men or commuters to the restaurant. Also allowing peop le to make ships company bookings or reservations will help attract a wealthier target market, if they want to book the whole restaurant.To attract a good target population I may decide to set lowest possible prices for my first circuit card, this will capture customers. Then I could raises prices and add new meals to a next menu. To very find my target population I have decided to draw up a questionaire and ask a few members of the public to fill it out to find out what they are interested in. The Business And The Product I have chosen to start a chinese themed restaurant and I will be selling both vegatarian dishes and meat dishes. I have considered starting the business near central London, therefore aiming mostly for tourists as customers.The rent in the area is quite high so I have decided to hire just enough staff to cover floors. Staff will be trained internally by a manager, this will set high standards and will save money, also staff will learn skills they film non ir relavant skills. I will have to ask a friend to design a high class menu, asking a friend to design the menu will save some money. I will decorate the restaurant depending on my questionaire results, but if I was aiming for a higher class and tourists I would utilise simple decoratives, at the same time different and unique.Pricing will differ from meal to meal, and also on demand and ingredients used. Location To find a suitable place to locate my restaurant I will need to look around certain areas for cheap affordable places. The place will need to be easy to find and have easy access. I may need to look for areas new famous landmarks or sites, to attract tourists. Also location will effect availability of labour and how much salary will be. If located in a wealthy area salary will be higher. Promotion Advertising Well, I have decided to advertise in a local specialist magazine, and local paper.I chose these because they will allow me to allow in some information about the resta urant where as, if I was to advertise on radio not many words can be fitted in and it isnt visual. I need visual advertising so I could include a Map so customers can cut ths out and keep it so they fare where to locate my restaurant. If I have the money I considered renting a billboard or producing posters to put up in the local area. This will attract a larger audience if placed by busy roads or streets and I could also include a map, but they can not cut it out and refer to it. Sales PromotionI could have special lunch offers, or issue vouchers for the next time a customer visits they could get money off. I could also offer free dishes to promote new additions to the menu. This sort of promotion could make customers want to come back since they subsist they are getting money off, or they might come back to try out new additions to the menu. Also this helps promote new additions to the menu so customers may want to order them next time. Direct Marketing I am also going to post m enus of the restaurant to local residences alerting them a restaurant is near by.This will include a map, a telephone number incase people might consider ordering a takeaway. This sort of marketing is quite effective and could draw alot of customers to my restaurant. Public Relations I could invite people from local papers and local magazines to taste my meals, asking them to pen a review about the restaurant. If the public was to read about the reviews and the reviews are good people might come just to see if the crittics are right. This is quite effective but can also have disadvantages, if the food is not too good crittics will write bad things about the restaurant.

Structure Of Travel Tourism And Hospitality Tourism Essay

Structure Of sound Tourism And Hospitality Tourism EssayThe purposes for this essay ar to present the structure of the pass away, duty touristry and hospitality industries. Firstly, we need to know what the definition of tourism is. As the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), tourism is the activities of person hold upling to and staying in places remote their rough-cut environment for not more than one consecutive year for vacant, business and other purposes (World Tourism Organisation, 1993). Therefore, the tourist is a person who activates to another place outside of their normal place of residence at to the lowest degree 100 miles for more than 24 hours and less than 12 months. belong and tourism does not necessary move conkling abroad. It could be in domestic tourism much(prenominal) as peoples home country, on visits to attractions, city breaks, trips to business meetings, sports events or concerts, and visits to friends or relatives. agree to weaver finch Lawton (2002, p.3), tourism includes the businesses that provide goods and run wholly or mainly for tourist consumption such as restaurants and food/beverage services, and lodging. Hence, it linked to hospitality sedulousness which including accommodations segments, food services segment and other hospitality operations segments.Structure of the travel, tourism and hospitality industryThe travel, tourism and hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in the world. It includes many celestial spheres that we need to go through each part of the industry on its own. The key sectors in the travel and tourism industry can be distributed into three different parts. They be public, private and voluntary sectors.Figure 1 Tourism industryTourism industryThe private sectorThe public sectorThe voluntary sectorTour operatorsTravel doersAccommodationsGovernmentNTOsNATAUFTAAIATASHAPrivate sectorThe private sector is generated of commercial operators run or owned by individuals or companie s such as travel insurance, travel press, travel marketing, private colleges, tour operators or travel agents, whose main purpose is to produce benefits from the facilities and goods, which they deliver to their consumers.In addition, these agencies swordplay a very all important(predicate) role in the development of the travel and tourism industry. They atomic number 18 the components which communicate directly with customers. For instance, they arranged a group which insure the demands of visitors and advertise their piece of lands at different tourist locations through interactive methods of communication such as distribute brochure or advertise in their websites.Accommodations are the basic needs in tourism industry which including hotels, resorts and timeshares or condominiums, conference centres, camp and park lodges, food and beverages. For example, resorts offer good services such as spa, massage, hot tub for customers who come to relax on holiday. They gain high benefi ts due to customers consumptions when they provide good services. Therefore, the private sectors are commercial businesses with the objective of gain ground a profit for shareholders and owners. They run businesses at each levels of the distribution twine suppliers, wholesalers and retailers.Public sectorPublic sectors are major groups who decide on the dodge and leadership for the growth of the tourism sector. This is the government body which supporting the tourism industry. The role of this organisation is to work with the industry and provide the required amount of money of support.The services offered by the public sector are delivered to the public and paid through government. Public sector includes NTOs and RTOs (national regional tourist offices). It may also be suppliers, specially in transportation and visitor attractions. Most of the public services are non-profit-making. automatic sectorVoluntary sector contains different bodies involved in the lobbying and macr ocosm the force factors who work for the benefit of the tourism sector and the benefit of the respective associations they represent. They are namely National Parks Association, YHA (Youth Hostels Association), National Trust, ANTOR (Association of National Tourist mathematical function Representatives), FTO (Federation of tour Operators), ATOC (Association of Train Operating Companies), Museums Association, UK Inbound Tourism, Tourism Concern and PSA (Passenger Shipping Association).Organizations of the voluntary sector are incorporateled and ran mainly by volunteers. These organizations are usually not making profit or contributively. This creates some financial benefits that may include reduced rates and VAT, income tax exemption for investments, covenants and bank deposits. Voluntary sector organisations that register as contributions have to satisfy specific terms. Their purposes must be charitable, non-profit-making, for the educations improvement or for other aims beneficia l to the society.Horizontal desegregationAccording to Weaver Lawton (2002), horizontal desegregation takes place when firms reach a higher level of consolidation or control within their own sector. Horizontal integration is where an organisation owns two or more companies, on the same level of the buying chain. For example, EasyJet took over Go in 2002. It was a case of one cypher airline taking over another no-frills airline. Although the two companies became one, they could have retained their different brand names. In fact in this case, EasyJet rapidly re-branded all of Gos planes with their own distinctive livery.PrincipalFigure 2 Horizontal integrationPrincipalTour operatorTour operatorTravel agentTravel agentVertical integrationVertical integration occurs when a company achieve greater control over elements of the product chain outside its own sector (Weaver Lawton, 2002). This integration can be forward in the direction of the chain, or backward against the direction of the chain.Forward vertical integration is more common. Company gains greater control over distribution. It helps them getting closer to the customer. For example, an airline sets up a subsidiary to distribute or market products to consumers such as buying-out a hotel chain or simple machine rental operation.Figure 3 Forward vertical integrationTour operatorPrincipalTravel agentBackward vertical integration is buying upward in the distribution chain. In contrast to forward vertical integration, company gains greater control over supplies using backward vertical integration. For instance, First Choice is a tour operator which also has an airline named First Choice Airways, or doubting Thomas Cook Holidays setting up Thomas Cook Airways.PrincipalFigure 4 Backward vertical integrationTour operatorTravel agentKey historic developmentsSocio-economicLeisure time Tourism currently very popular and it is widely acknowledged as a global social phenomenon. In most advanced developed countries , the natural of society has now changed from an economy based on manufacturing and production to focus on the services and consumer industries. Simultaneously, the disposable income and the amount of leisure time and holiday in many countries increased in the post-war period. Therefore, employees have the opportunity to engage in the new forms of consumption such as tourism.Incomes/holiday taking The income is produced from wages, profits and interest, has increased every year. The UK economy is one of the strongest in Europe, levels of disposable income and consumer credit are rising and expenditure on leisure is growing at around 6 per cent. Depend on that, employees life is improved. They can spend time to enjoy their life such as travel without worry too much about money. Most people today will have travelled abroad and expect to take at least one holiday a year. When tourists are willing to pay for travel, tourism industry will generate more profit.Car ownership By the early( a) 1900s the car was being used for public transport in most cities. But it wasnt until the 1950 when the car really took off. There were and 8,000 cars in the whole of Britain at the start of the 20th century. By the end of the century the car population had soared to 21 million. Car ownership statistics reverts an indication of the level of personal mobility in a population (domestic, continental travel). In 1989 in Britain, each car was used for an average of 30 trips per week, which declined to 24 by 2006. The distance travelled by car per week slightly decreased. Car ownership in the UK has increased considerably in recent decades. It is not uncommon for a household owning two or more cars in nowadays.TechnologicalTransportation is an essential need in the tourism sector. It is divided into different areas such as air, road, railing, sea. Transportation is a cocksucker to assist travellers to get to where they want to go.Sea Up until the 1920s the only way to travel abroad was by boat. It used to take days/weeks to travel abroad. Nowadays, ships are mainly used for ferries to mainland Europe and for cruises. passageway Road travel is the first method people used to travel. In the past, people used to travel by horses, camels,or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. The most famous road in the past is Silk Road. The start of the Silk Road was on 2nd century BC when Chinese ambassador Zhang Qian visited the countries of Central Asia with diplomatic mission. Thus, travel by road is the pioneer in tourism. Nowadays, road travel can be buses, private cars, bicycles, motorbike, etc. People using those transportations to travel are much faster than in the past.Rail After sea and road, rail is the third method people use to travel. By the end of the 2nd world war (1940s) the rail network covered nearly every townspeople and village. Japan is the country famous for mass and high-speed trains. Moreover, Japan has an impres sive number of subway systems.Air Travel by air is the latest and accelerated transportation in the world. The first commercial flight from the UK was to Paris in 1919, but it was very expensive. In the 1970 the introduction of the Boeing 747 brought flying cost down dramatically and open doors to mass tourism. In our time, people can travel from one place to another place very convenience. For example, a flight from Singapore to Vietnam only need 4 hours including food and beverage in the plane, while traveling by sea needs days.As we can see, tourism cannot develop without technological. It is a part has a great contribution to the tourism industry.Business developmentsAirlines/air travel Airlines or air travel play a very important role in the travel and tourism industry. Early forms of technology in the travel and tourism industry were systems which linked tour operators to travel agencies via terminals and allowed travel agents to make bookings through the system. Meanwhile, a irlines developed computer reservation systems (CRS). Airlines started to use computers in the 1950s to store and change the huge amount of information they needed to access. The CRS was used internally by airlines, and agents would use the OAG publication to look up flight times etc., and then telephone the airline to make a booking.Tour operators The role of tour operators is to put together all the different components that make up a holiday and sell them as software products to the consumer. They make contracts with hoteliers, airlines and other transport companies to put the package together. All the holiday details are incorporated into a brochure which is distributed either to travel agents or directly to customers. In simple terms, they organise and package different elements of the tourism experience, then offer the product for sale to the public through different mediums like leaflets, brochures, advertisements, etc.Travel agents The role of travel agents is to give advic e and information and sell and administer bookings for a number of tour operators. They also sell flights, ferry bookings, car hire, insurance and accommodation as separate products. Thus, they are distributors of products. Increasingly, travel agents also do a little tour operating, for example putting together a holiday for a group. Some industry professionals take that the role of the travel agent is in decline as many people are booking their own holidays and travel on the Internet or by telephone directly to tour operators.ConclusionIn conclusion, this assignment helps me know more about the structure of travel, tourism and hospitality and key historical developments of its industry. Hence, I will know how tourism and hospitality work.Briefly, tourism and hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in the world. It plays a very important role in the industry. There are many sectors which contribute and help to generate the tourism and hospitality industry. They are i ndispensable parts of the travel, tourism and hospitality industry.

Use Case Diagram Details For Library Management Computer Science Essay

Use Case Diagram Details For program program library Management Computer Science EssayThe library Management System would be a Web application. A simpler form of library lowlyd management system provides multi functional processes to log in, register, agree books, add categories, search or issue or return the books. The basic language used in the follow up of this system is C and the data base used for the same is SQL Server and SQL Client. These all have been used in the code of processing a Library Management System at every place (Gupta). There are certain advantages of using visual basic in Library Management System that it provides a very decent automatic teller for all the programmers to develop a graphical user interface which is considere4d to be a ready to use component in the main working of Library Management System.This provide be providing all functionality for Abu Dhabi University library operations. The specific exposit of each user are given below in this docu ment.A bibliothec kindle add all expand of new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs using create new book menu from his administrative panel, from this administrative panel librarian can withal delete any previous entry of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and if librarian just want to update status of books / journals / periodicals then he can update details of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs details also but in this berth if library management system found any invalid id of any invalid book details then it will give and immediate alert pop-up to administrator of the system will also kept record of each alert and the most utilizable feature of this library management system is librarian can search any of the books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs from the database using title or author name. Librarian can also update and of the user details and delete or block users if there fee or fine is not submitted or he found anything defile with and o f the students user grievance. Librarian is also have privileges to see amount of fee and fine that any user have to pay and also overall cash that is going to debited.A database manager can create a new database and took back-up of day to day updated database of library management system. Database manager have to design self-coloured schema once and have to made changes time to time if needed.A guest user will have a limited or no access to data. Guest can register himself/herself and become a regular user of Student or Faculty quality after getting praise of library management systems administer.In library management system for Abu Dhabi University there would be two fibres of user exist. First one would be student persona and second type is of faculty type this faculty type users are having unlimited account for assumeing books but in place of student type account there would be some limit for borrowing books at a time. This student type user have to submit their book at bottom a period or re-borrow them if they need it for more longer else the fine will be charged to students type user but in case of faculty type user there is no time limit for any borrowed new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs.A student type user can login to library management system after fulfilling his/her authentication if it library management system found any invalid account then will give a alert massage and will also report to administer at another hand after logged in he can check is his account which contains the amount that he/she has to pay including all fine details and this will also having all of history of his/her borrowed new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs. The student user can borrow books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and the system is also having an option for re-borrow of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs. The library management system facilitated more to students and faculties too there is an option to put a request o f home auction pitch with any borrow request. The charges of home delivery will be automatically added to their accounts. The biggest useful feature of this library management system is user of all type can search any of the books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs from the database using title or author name of borrowing it. The student and faculty type user can also request for any new required book in library and this request will directly goes to the administrator of this library management system which will precede this request to further steps. One more feature of this library management system is feedback the user of student type and faculty can esteem for any books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and also put their comments for any of them which will help other users and librarian too to decide about that books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs so that review also through with(p) in this library management system.There are some other categories of Use Case Di agram for Library Management System, for example E put one over Soft Diagrammer 4 which is a new UML Diagram and is considered to be a new type of diagram tool for the software engineers and various designers. E pull out is a short form of Easy to Draw diagram for UML model (Use Case Diagram For Library Management System).

Rivalry Among Firms In Global Hospitality

controversy Among Firms In Global HospitalityThe door applyers 5 forces framework is an outside-in approach whereby the industry forces affecting the course performance is analysed to facilitate managers in decisions to direct their resources in achieving maximum lucrativeness. The 5 forces identified by Porter ar the horizontal argument from substitutes, new entrants and existing rivals as well as the vertical controversy from the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers (Porter, 1980). In this essay, the author would like to analyse the militantness of the hospitality industry by critically evaluating the strength of individually force individually with relevant examples and identify the most influential force.2.1 Threat of new entrantsThreats of new entrants atomic number 18 one of the principal forces of Porters theory of five forces (Porter, 1980). Bain (1956) who initiated the pick out of main course barriers identified the major barriers as capital requirements, eco nomies of scale, product differentiation, government approval and absolute costs. These barriers create constraints for new entrants to enter the industry, creating fewer competitors then retaining the grocery shargons of existing firms to achieve taller profit (Botten and McManus, 1999). International hotel chains enjoy oversize economies of scale (Salinger, 1990) as they have huge numbers of hotel chains and brands in that locationfore expanding their market power. The Hilton World big brand sh argons the same source of supply through their supply management dust and customer database through their applied science platform, the OnQ system crossways all hotel chains (Hilton Worldwide, 2012 Hilton Franchise, 2012), forcing new entrants with small scales to accept the cost disadvantage which directly affects their profits and sustainability (Pearce and Robinson, 2009).Due to the analogous product and service offerings, brand acknowledgment is the best way for hotel chains to differentiate themselves from competitors (Dub Renaghan, 2000 Makadok, 2010). International hotel chains has succeeded in creating brand awareness through rapid expansions of brands such as Hilton and Holiday society (Okumus et al., 2010) with assurance of quality as well as the implementation of different loyalty programmes, causing new entrants the challenge to overcome customer loyalty (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). chief city requirement of opening a new hotel is real high. It incurs high bushel costs (Chung, 2000) for the land and the construction plus renovation of the hotel. Huge amount of start-up and foot race cost is in any case required to recruit employees and roll-out marketing activities such as the development of the hotel brand through advertising as well as look for and development activities (Matovic, 2002). Huge budgets must likewise be allocated for maintenance and upkeep of the hotel property (Hall, 1987).Besides structural barriers which are infl uenced by the nature of the industry, there are also behavioural barriers which Sigfried and Evans (1994) describe as the retaliation strategies firms implements such as patents, predatory pricing, and exclusivity agreements with suppliers and distributors. However, the liberation of trade barriers by governments due to the trend of globalisation disordereders the entry barriers especially in developing countries which do not have the resources to provide sufficient hospitality go and requires foreign firms to help develop the tourism heavens (Hitt and Hoskisson, 1999). Conversely certain government do limit entries and provide exclusive rights to the local firms.Weighing the facts in this study, barriers of entry to the hospitality industry is still imagi claim comparatively high, especially to the luxury segment where more investment and development of brand is required, and customers loyalty in existing luxury brands are already high which is turn up by the high prices the c onsumers are willing to pay for a hotel room. In the budget or midscale segment, new entrants could attempt price penetration but the sustainability of the business could be unfeasible if consumers choices are dependent on the pricing single (Graf, 2011). Generally the threat of new entrant is fairly low-pitched, but could subjoin if there is liberal trading policies and high concentration of the industry in the particular location. But once a new entrant decides to take the high take chances of entering the industry and has the ability to innovate and make differentiation in products and services, they will aggressively pursue market share to cover the high fixed cost invested (Matovic, 2002), raising the competition level in the industry.2.2 Threat of substitutesPorter (1980) has also identified the threat of substitute in increasing intensity of rivalry. Substitutes soften consumers more options often with better prices or value in achieving the same basic needs or wants. Su bstitutes are often not identified as old rivals, devising them difficult to be anticipated by firms (Magretta 2012). The presence of substitutes limits the advantageousness of firms by placing a ceiling in prices and increase price shot of the hotel product (Porter, 1980). When the pricing factor is considered, threats are formed when substitutes offer lower prices for the similar product, offer better quality products with a slight increase in price and when lower quality of products is provided with a significant drop in prices (Lewis et al., 1989).Technological advancement supported by the high speed of internet has constitute significant threat to the meeting and conference facility of a hotel which are the main revenue source of business hotels with the accessibility of teleconferencing. Many corporate companies would consider teleconferencing to be an ideal choice as it eliminates the high cost incurred for flight tickets, housing and rental of conference facilities an d equipment as well as the fourth dimension consuming trips (Leocha, 2009). Other potential substitutes for the business locomoteler segments could be corporate guesthouses and long stay hotels (Regal Wing, 2011) whereas leisure travellers could opt for cheaper alternatives such as rented apartments, informal lodging with friends or families, RVs, camping, simple capsule hotels or make plans for overnight rides by long hour flight, train or bus. Business of airport hotels are also affected by the availability of sleeping capsules and rooms in airports (USA today, 2009) which removes the need of transit passengers to rent day rooms in hotels.However, threats of substitutes in upper-scale luxury hotels are relatively low because consumers of this segment demands for exceptional comfort along with exclusive service standards, amenities and recognition which typical substitutes could not meet (Griffin et al., 1997). There are some(prenominal) substitutes in the hospitality industry e xcept for the high end hotels. The author concludes that the overall threat of substitute is moderate as the availability of substitutes is very dependent on the location of the hotel and consumer preferences as hotel provides more comfort, convenience and security compared to the substitutes.2.3 Power of suppliersThe power of suppliers has direct impact on the profitability of hotels as it controls the excitant of the hotel which is vital for the operations of any hotel and provides flexibility to a hotel to give surplus to their customers. The hospitality industry is considered a matured industry (Martel 1974) and there are many suppliers who are readily in the market (Kim and Oh, 2004 Olsen and Roper 1998). Hotel suppliers include outsourced firms providing operational services such as accounting, maintenance, security, promotion and storage (Burt and Pinkerton, 1996) or even off-premise wash drawing services.Real estate agencies are important suppliers when hotels are planning their pipelines and there are many which are available and competing for businesses from hotels as the investment is very huge. With energetic mergers and acquisitions in the industry, many hotel chains are actually affiliated with real estate companies such as Hilton Worldwide, La Quita Inn and Motel 6 being acquired by Blackstone sort with active real estate businesses (Wikipedia, 2012) eliminating the need of suppliers. However, power of a particular supplier would be high if hotels are searching for unique locations. other main input of a hotel would be the employees. With the development of hotel schools and relevant courses, many qualified personnel are available for management trainee programmes and further contribute to the hotels. Hotels are often given credit to the ability to reduce unemployment rate of an area, proving that the ratio of supplier to firm is higher (Hassan, 2000). However hotels face the issue of shortage in manpower during natural elevation seasons du e to the employment strategies of hotel establishments to have a core of full time employees and employ casual and part-time labour to meet sport of demand (Lufferty, 1998). The nature of part-time employment results in high turnover rates and high formulation resources.A centralised supply management system and is often integrated across brands of major hotel chains, giving strong negotiation power to the hotel, making business from hotels indispensable to suppliers (Cox, 1999). With the vast offshoot of the information technology sector, there are many property management systems without significant product differentiation for hotel chains to choose from, therefore giving hotels high buying powers. another(prenominal) plus point for hotel groups is the practice of vertical integrations and the opportunity of backward integration (Lafferty and van Fossen, 2001) by owning own real estate agencies, manufacturing plants and hotel schools such as the Accor training academy. Summing up the relevant facts shows that the power of suppliers in the hospitality industry is low.2.4 Power of buyersThe hospitality industry has many buyers including corporate companies, travel agencies and individual travellers or the substance abuser itself. Price sensitivity of buyers depends on the hotel segmentation (Go and Pine, 1995). Buyers of budget hotel segments are generally more price sensitive than those of the luxury segment who appreciates higher quality of services rather than affordability. Switching cost of buyers could be increased through loyalty programmes which provide more value and benefit to buyers as a reward of clamant patronisation (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). Corporate and travel agent discounts are also given reduce the power of buyers to switch their suppliers (Jones et al, 2007). Buyer power has increase through distribution take of hotels in the internet. It gives buyers access to information and reviews of different hotels available and compar e them instantly (Law and Hsu, 2005).Gu and Canoon (1998) suggest that buyer power could be subject to seasonality depending on the availability of disposable income and leisure time or the geographical factors of the location such as weather, and hotels implement yield management to gain maximum profitability with considerations of these factors (Burgess and Bryant, 2001). During peak seasons when there is an undersupply of rooms and lower price elasticity, hotel products would be sold at rack rates, decreasing buyer power of price negotiating. In contrast with low season and periods of slow economy growth where hotels strive to fill up occupancy to achieve minimum profit to breakeven, buyer power will increase significantly with attractive packages of value and choice of accommodation in the available hotel chains (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). In summary, the power of buyers in is moderate depending on different circumstances.2.5 Rivalry among firmsThe level of competition w ithin existing firms in the hospitality industry also affects the profitability of firms (Porter, 1980). Despite the uncertainty in economy, the tourism sector is screening steady growth and remains strong across the globe. It is forecasted that at the end of year 2012, there would be 1 billion international tourer arrivals globally. maturement is shown in every region, with comparison with the previous year, Asia Pacific showed the highest growth of 8%, Africa with 7%, America with 5%, and Europe with 4%, Middle East only showed growth of 0.7% as the region is still recovering from the effect of the Arab Spring (UNWTO, 2012).The growth in tourism increases the demand in the lodging industry because encouraging international hotel chains to develop strategic planning to contain the tourist by the expansion of their brands in potential markets (Lafferty and van Fossen, 2001). Expansions can be done rapidly with the trend of franchise licensing and management contracts (Chen and Dimou, 2005).The hospitality industry involves many firms including international and domestic hotel chains ranging from luxury, full service, mid-scale, boutique and budget hotels to accommodate needs of different customer segments. Main international chains found around the globe would be The Intercontinental group, Wyndham Hotel Group, Marriot International, Hilton Worldwide, Accor group, Choice hotels, Best Western, Starwood, Carlson and Global Hyatt with increment numbers of room each year. The hotel industry performance outlook of 2012 provided by tripadvisor shows that 58% of global hotels believe that their firm can gain more profitability in future. Survey done by Travelocity shows that 76% of consumer are planning to spend more on travelling and 53% of consumers are planning to travel more compared to year 2011. This implies a positive growth in the hospitality industry (Marketing chart, 2012).The nature of the hotel business shows the need of international expansion to meet demands with wide dispersion of geographical spectrum (Matthews, 1997) as the carrying capacity is fixed and the services provided by hotels can only meet the demand of consumer if it is present in the location. Firms such as international hotel chains operating in the same location have market similarities as they share the same sets of market (Chen, 1996). They compete for the same resources or customers and face the same constraints affected by the external environment. Location is the key determinant of ones rival as the role of a hotel is to satisfy the guest need to get accommodation at that specific area. The strategic decision in deciding the geographical location of a hotel is very crucial as it is the specify of a hotel that is fixed the fixed cost incurred is very high and (Matovic, 2002). Hotel chains develop in the same location to justify the attractiveness of the area thus reducing the perceived risk of investment by managers (Markussen, 1990). Go and Pine (1995 ) argues that product segmentation which includes pricing and level of facilities should be considered while determining primary rivals but pricing is highly variable and the change in pricing could cause the hotel to meet new competitors and increase the number of competitors (Roginsky, 1995) therefore damaging the profitability potential of the industry.Rivalry is often high with firms existing in the same strategic group. Pearce and Robinson (2009) stated that a strategic group would consist of hotels with similar competitive strategies and market positioning while Hatten and Schendel, (1977) propose that members of an industry can be classified into groups of similar strategy and structure. They have the same distribution channel, features of products and services provided, orient market, and identical technology advancement. Strategic groups can be identified by comparing the competitive characteristics of firms by using almost a hundred realizable variables (Ketchen et al. 1 993) such as the quality range, geographic coverage, degree of service offered and degree of vertical integration. Firms that are present in the same strategic group are identified as a close rivals, assisting managers in constructing competitive strategies and allocate resources efficiently to be ahead of rivals (Matthews, 2000). Structural similarities of firms in the same strategic group cause them to be affected in the same way by external environmental changes and competitive strategies within the group.Imitation of strategies can be considerably done within the same group which is supported by the institutional theory that shows the occurrence of similar competence between firms (Selznick, 1996) under the same midland and external environment causing isomorphism (Oliver, 1988). Isomorphism is the condition when firms competing in the same population share same characteristics. The environmental forces have mimetic influences on hotels (DiMaggio Powell, 1983), where the succ essful chain is often imitated by the rest to reduce uncertainty the need of investment in their own market research. Obligatory action also causes imitation, March (1981) quoted that obligatory action happens when enough firms do things in a particular fashion, it becomes the norm and from that point on, things are done that way without conscious thought. Caves and Porter (1980) suggest that the existence of strategic groups gives an advantage to members of a strategic group by creating a high entry barrier to new entrants because of the saturation of competition within.Besides the factors mentioned above, rivalry among firms are intensified due to the high number barriers (Dess et al, 2004) associated with significant capital investment as well as the high exit cost such as the depreciation cost of fixed assets, severance pay for employees and compensation cost for breach of contracts with suppliers and buyers. Exit barriers are especially high for large hotel chain with multiple locations, extensive interconnection with different suppliers and buyers, and large pool of employees. The high amount of sunk and exit cost pressures the exit- prospective hotel to keep its market share and continue running the business along with the implementation of new strategies in hope to revive the performance of the hotel and maintain the employment of the large labour force involved.Perishable products offered by hotels create the urgency in selling the product as soon as possible to capture revenue, elevating the competition especially during off-peak season with oversupply of rooms (Matthews, 1997). For leisure travellers who do not travel frequently and has no brand preferences, the switching cost is very low or almost nothing as they would be attracted to any hotel chain which gives more perceived value or has lower price without considering the brand of the hotel chain, making them a potential customer for any hotel chain (Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000). Hotel pro ducts have very limited potential of differentiation because the basic need of accommodation and shelter for tourist could easily be met and strategies of one hotel could be easily imitated by the other because of the lacking in patented knowledge and technology (Dunning McQueen, 1982). Weighing the factors and reasoning lend to the rivalry among firms, the author suggest that this is the strongest force in Porters five forces affecting level of competition in the hospitality industry.3.1 ConclusionGiven the analysis in the many competitive forces found between rivals, the author suggests that the intensity of rivalry among firm is strong but not to the brutal stage yet. Although growth in mature industries such as the hospitality industry is generally slower, the emergence of complement products such as cheap flights and additional frequent routes has facilitated tourism growth therefore benefiting the hotel businesses (Rey et al., 2011). Development of outbound tourism in emergin g BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Africa) countries and other Asia Pacific region which is expected to capture 29% of total international tourist arrival in 2030 (UNWTO, 2012) encourages the growth of hotel pipelines, giving the hotel business a very good prospect of the future. The hotel industry is also a multi-billion dollar industry with signs of tantalize due to the healing economy (Hotel News Now, 2012) with large hotel chains co-existing enjoying great amount of profitability especially with the increase growth in the tourism and need in travelling. Furthermore, although many hotel chains exist in the industry, different hotels define competitors with different criteria such as segmentation, price and proximity (Whitla et al, 2007) depending on its strategic group. condition count 3289

Essay --

James and DescartesWilliam James and Rene Descartes be both philosophers who created methods on how to find the justice in life. James created the pragmatic method and Descartes used reason. I take that these two methods are somewhat dissimilar for several reasons. The first reason, is because Descartes used his method to find proof in himself and urged others to use it to find truth in themselves as well whereas William James used the pragmatic method to help find the truth in two sides of an debate. In James first essay, he tries to explain what pragmatism is with a story about a camping trip he took with a few of his friends. The friends began to argue about whether a worldly concern and a squirrel pass each other age going around a tree but do not see one another. pragmatism seems to be a little confusing at first. I had to reread the argument about the squirrel and the human a couple of times to understand what the argument was about. I personally agreed with the group who said the man did not go around the squirrel simply because physically, he did not pass the animal while going around the tree. When James explained what the pragmatic method was, I interpreted it as basically trying to find correctness in both arguments depending on how youre feel at it. Descartes method is ultimately about finding the truth within yourself. He says that there are two types of people that would not benefit from his method those who think they know more than they do and who lack the patience for such careful work, and those who are modest enough to think that they are more capable of finding out the truth if they follow a teacher. Descartes also creates a three to four maxim moral code to usher his behavior while he experiences his period... ...uire that vital good, if religion is true. I think that this is why I cant fully agree with Descartes doctrine because Im not a religious person. The majority of the time, I need physical evidence to believe in something. I dont really feed into the I think, therefore I am philosophy because I wouldnt want my religion/ my beliefs to be everything that I am. I do consider that humans have free will and are more than able to find the truth in something, but only if they are looking for it and doing anything whatsoever that is required to get the result you want, regardless of the methods used. It does not matter whether these methods are legal or illegal, fair or foul, kind or cruel, truth or lies, democratic or dictatorial, good or evil we see this on an everyday basis in peoples actions which coincides with James affirmation the end justifies the means.

Descartes to Kant: The Existence of God †A Very Brief History :: Philosophy, God

The subsequent essay will cover a short history of the existence of paragon from Ren Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), covers Descartes view on the existence of God. Following this, in (2), I consider G.W. Leibnizs view and George Berkeleys view is explored in (3). These first three philosophers undeniably believe God exists. The remainder of the essay covers three additional philosophers whose views on the existence of God are less certain. These philosophers include John Locke covered in section (4), David Hume in (5) and, lastly, Immanuel Kant in (6).(1)Holding strong Catholic beliefs, Descartes, without a doubt believed in the existence of God. Descartes makes this clear in the beginning of Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we essential believe in Gods existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have come from God (Descartes 1). Later, however, inwar dly the Third Meditation, Descartes considers the existence of God. In his search for absolute certainty, he initially writes, I do not yet sufficiently know if there is correct a God (Descartes, 25). In other words, Descartes does not initially know if God exists with certainty. He then deliberates whether there is a God (25). Even though he questions Gods existence, Descartes still has an innate cerebration of God a substance that is an infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful perfect creation who created everything (30). As a result, he concludes that because of his innate idea of God, (which was not conjured by Descartes of drawn from the senses), it must therefore be God who is the cause of this idea (25). Moreover, because Descartes exists with an idea of God, he concludes that God must also exist. He explicitly states this in the following I have no choice but to conclude that the unadulterated fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists (34). Descartes then continues, suggesting that it is exceedingly plausible that he is somehow made in the image and likeness of his creator (35). After this, Descartes continues the meditations basing many other things on the existence of God. But, in the 5th Meditation, Descartes claims to provide a proof demonstrating the existence of God.