Alcohol and the Family Essay -- Alcoholism Drinking Essays Research Pa

Liquor and the Family  In the United States alone, there are 28 million offspring of heavy drinkers - 7,000,000 of these kids are under the period of eighteen.â  Every day, these youngsters experience the revulsions of living with a drunkard parent. 40%-half of offspring of heavy drinkers grow up and become drunkards themselves. Others create dietary issues or become obsessive workers. Offspring of heavy drinkers get blended messages, irregularity, upredictability, selling out, and some of the time physical and sexual maltreatment from their folks. They are made to grow up too quick since they should help keep the family structure together by doing housework and dealing with kin since the alcoholic isn't doing their part. Kids structure jobs that they play to help camouflage the malady. The jobs help occupy individuals from seeing the genuine issue and serve to ensure the family so it can keep on working. There are five jobs that the relatives will take on- - the empowering influence, the legend, the s ubstitute, the lost kid, and the mascot. The empowering agent is generally the companion or the parent of the heavy drinker. He takes on the ordinary obligations that the alcoholic would ordinarily do, for example, cleaning the house, dealing with the kids, or in any event, something as straightforward as strolling the canine. The empowering influence additionally rationalizes the heavy drinker. He may call his better half's chief and disclose to him she is wiped out when truly she is home with a hang-over. Or on the other hand he may disclose to a neighbor that the lounge room light broke on the grounds that the two-year-old inadvertently thumped it off the table when as a general rule it was tossed over the room in a smashed fit. This demonstration of concealing never really hurt the family at long last. The empowering agent is rationalizing and deceiving conceal the genuine demonstration... ...out the influences liquor addiction has on the family, one may feel that it is an actual existence brimming with perpetual disturbance. There is help out there, however, which should start in the educational system. Schools need to teach kids about liquor manhandle and set up a continuous believing relationship with kids who need assistance. The youngsters aren not to fault for the activities of their folks and they need somebody to assist them with understanding that it's not their deficiency and they can break the cycle. Thusly the youngsters will realize that they have at any rate one individual they can go to for help and that they aren't the only one. Book index: 1. Offspring of Alcoholism, Barbara L. Wood, New York University Press, 1987 2. Working with Children of Alcoholics, Bryan E. Robinson, Lexington Books, 1989 3. Substance Abuse Treatment: A Family Systems Perspective, Edith M. Freeman, Sage Publications, 1993

Psychology Development in Chine

History and Systems of brain research PSYC 331 Dr. Bihan Al Qaimari Midterm Paper â€Å"Development of Psychology in China† Name: Ahmad Shiber Student number: 1071843 Introduction: When we began this class, we began learning the historical backdrop of brain research, its speculations, and its turn of events. I couldn’t help yet notice that the course educational plan is centered around European and American analysts and their speculations, which gives us a very westernized perspective on brain research and the idea of people and their humanity.Studying brain science from a western perspective additionally constrains the skylines of applying brain research and how it clarified since it will be associated with chiefly western church philosophies and money related and political frameworks are in the west like private enterprise and majority rule government. I built up an enthusiasm for far eastern societies four years back considering the basic religions in that area nuts and bolts of dialects spoken there, and I even began contemplating the Japanese language as a second language.Thus, I was intrigued of how these societies saw brain research and contrast their mental reasoning and Greek and Islamic mental reasoning and theory which was shrouded in class. I was stunned by the sheer measure of information these societies had offered in brain science and I was unsettled on how it is never referenced in brain science classes or when referenced it gets underestimated. Of the considerable number of societies that establish the Far East, I picked China.In this paper I will talk about the improvement of brain research in this nation from its authentic roots till the present day, alongside all the high points and low points of this field. I want to reveal insight into the astounding commitments to the brain research field specifically, and to mankind by and large. Connection: a short portrayal of Chinese culture of prosperity. The Historical Roots: Modern br ain science was brought to China from the West in the late 1800s, however the examination and conversation of mental issues had a long history in antiquated China. Peruse additionally Memory †ForgettingEarly mental speculation in China not exclusively was contained in differing philosophical, political, military, and other writing but on the other hand was communicated through different practices in training, medication, and human asset the executives. The impact of Chinese culture on world brain science has been generally perceived in current writing in the field and is pulling in increasingly more consideration (Jing, 1994; Murphy and Kovach, 1972; Wang, 1993). In China a rich collection of mental idea existed in the compositions of the antiquated Chinese philosophers.One of the most significant figures was Confucius (551-479 B. C. ) whose educating has, for a considerable length of time, applied a significant impact on the advancement of China's social history. Confucian reasoning accentuated the conversation of human instinct, training, human turn of events, and relational connections. For instance, when Confucius talked about human in stinct, he stated that â€Å"human nature is the request for heaven† (Jing, 1994, p. 668). By this Confucius implied that our examples of presence are dictated by Nature or by God.He didn't address this issue so as to separate whether human instinct was acceptable or malicious however proposed it as a typical legacy whereupon individual and mental advancement could be based through instruction: â€Å"By nature near one another, yet through training a long way from each other† (Analects 17:2, Dawson, 1993). This implies individuals are comparable when they are conceived yet that they become distinctive because of social trim; subsequently the significance of learning. Confucius was a celebrated educator just as a rationalist; he pushed that all individuals ought to be instructed, independent of their abilities.He classified individuals into three sorts: predominant, medium, and mediocre and inferred that everybody ought to be taught by their capacities. These thoughts a re in concurrence with the cutting edge thought of everybody's entitlement to instruction and the idea of individual contrasts and the need to give training in a reasonable structure for all to profit, whatever their capacities. As to human turn of events, Confucius saw this as a deep rooted process as expressed in the synopsis of his own life:. At fifteen I set my psyche on learning, at thirty I turned out to be firm in my motivation; at forty I was liberated from questions; at fifty I came to know destiny; t sixty I could advise truth from deception by tuning in to others; at seventy I followed my profound longing without intruding the standard of lead. (Analects 2:4; Tang, 1996). A particular component of this viewpoint is an accentuation on the advancement of shrewdness and social development at a later age. As opposed to some advanced reasoning that human improvement is principally a youth procedure (as has been proposed by Freud or Piaget), Confucius gave new knowledge with th e view that improvement is a deep rooted process. Notwithstanding Confucianism, other Chinese methods of reasoning, for example, Taoism and Zen Buddhism were likewise important.For case, Chinese Taoist researchers thought about that resistance exists wherever known to man and that the amalgamation of opposite frameworks works to shape an incorporated solidarity that is a sign of the force and activity of the Yang and the Yin, the rotating powers expressive of light and obscurity, birth and rot, male and female. These forces, which in their consolidated activity structure the Tao, the Way, the extraordinary standard of the universe, are the origin of each movement, the system of consistent change and parity, which keeps up the congruity of the universe. (Fitzgerald, 1976, p. 220). As indicated by Lao-tzu (570-490 B.C. ), the rumored originator of Taoism, nature keeps an appropriate equalization in the entirety of its working. On the off chance that any action moves to an outrageous o ne way, at some point or another a change happens to swing it back toward the inverse. This reasoning may have impacted Jungian brain science, for â€Å"Jung found the self from Eastern way of thinking and portrayed it ‘as a sort of remuneration for the contention among inside and outside † (Jung, as refered to in Kuo, 1971, p. 97). Furthermore, late discoveries show that the self-realization hypotheses of Rogers and Maslow bear certain similitudes to ideas in Taoism and Zen Buddhism (e. . , Chang ; Page, 1991; Ma, 1990). The act of innocent brain science was across the board in old China, and many present-day brain science applications could follow their underlying foundations to a huge number of years back. For example, in Medical Principles of the Yellow Emperor, the primary Chinese reference book of medication, distributed around 2,000 years back, joins between mind pathology and mental issues were depicted, and a bio-psycho-social model was the fundamental way to d eal with clinical and mental treatment (Wang, 1993).Another popular antiquated Chinese content, Sun-tzu's great book The Art of War, was composed 2,500 years prior. It is a treatise on procedures of fighting containing an investigation of human instinct, association, administration, the impacts of the earth, and the significance of data and may have affected the improvement of current authoritative brain science. The most significant commitment of Chinese culture to the use of brain research is that of mental testing. It isn't unexpected to consider testing both an ongoing and a Western turn of events. The inceptions of testing, be that as it may, are neither late nor Western.The underlying foundations of mental testing can be followed back to the ideas and practices of antiquated China for somewhere in the range of 3,000 years (Anastasi, 1988; Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 1993). Different strategies for estimating ability and conduct were mainstream, for example, watching qualities from so cial changes, recognizing knowledge by reaction speed, inspiring character across circumstances, and estimating mental traits through meetings (Lin, 1980). The reason for every one of these tests was to permit the Chinese sovereign to survey his authorities' qualification for office. When of the Han Dynasty (206 B. C. to A. D. 20), the utilization of test batteries (at least two tests utilized related) was very basic in the common help assessment framework (Zhang, 1988) with exposition composing and oral tests in subjects, for example, common law, military undertakings, farming, income, and geology. Tests had gotten all around created when of the Ming Dynasty (A. D. 1368-1644). During this period, there was a national multi-stage testing program that included nearby and territorial testing habitats outfitted with uncommon testing stalls. The individuals who excelled on the test at the nearby level went on to the common capital for progressively broad exposition examinations.After th is subsequent testing, those with the most elevated grades went on to the country's capital for a last round of assessments. Just the individuals who breezed through this third arrangement of assessments were qualified for open office. It is likely that the Western world found out about these national testing programs through introduction to the Chinese during the nineteenth century. Reports by British ministers and ambassadors supported the British East India Company to duplicate the Chinese framework in 1832 as a technique for choosing representatives for abroad duty.Testing programs functioned admirably for the organization, and the British government received a comparable arrangement of testing for its common help in 1855. Afterward, French, German, and American governments in progression supported it, and the testing development in the Western world has developed quickly from that point forward (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 1993). Testing was likewise all around created in old Chinese people culture. An article composed by a researcher, Yen (531-590), demonstrated that, the purported â€Å"testing the youngster at one year of age† was a mainstream custom in southern China.On a kid's first birthday celebration, he/she would be put on a huge table loaded with food, garments, paper, pens, gems, toys, books with, also, a bolt and blade for the young men, and needle and string for the young ladies. The infant was urged to creep unreservedly and get the thing the person enjoyed best. By seeing what the infant graspe

College Entrance Essay Samples - Helping You In Writing A Well Written Essay

College Entrance Essay Samples - Helping You In Writing A Well Written EssayGood college entrance essay samples, also called sample college essays, can be a tremendous help when you are in the process of writing your own essay. Without a good guide and sample, it is impossible to know which essay ideas you should include and which ones should be excluded. On the other hand, these samples will provide you with plenty of advice as well as hints on how to proceed.College entrance essay samples are written by well-known authors who have been published before in books or magazines. These writers provide their opinions on various topics such as religion, politics, human nature, and history. Therefore, there is always something for you to learn from a sample essay and take back to your own essay to add some special information to it. The most important aspect of these samples is that they can be modified and altered into whatever form it takes to fit your unique style of writing.If you don' t have one, ask around. Some people may have written one and it was too simplistic for you to understand. If you do have one, be sure to ask for advice on how to modify it to make it more applicable to your needs. You may need to make some changes in your writing style, correct grammar mistakes, and other little details that can only be discussed with a professional.Not all college entrance essay samples are directly plagiarized from the work of famous authors. It is always important to make sure that you write your own essay from scratch. While one example may be good enough for some, if you want to get your essay all the way up to the required length, you'll have to apply some great skills in writing.College entrance essay samples can help you with this. If you plan on taking a course, look for one that has a lot of samples, so that you don't have to hunt for a bunch of sample essaysto compare your work with.Good essay samples can also provide you with tips about using research. I f you are going to do research on a topic, this should be included in your sample. This will give you an extra edge to convince your readers to buy what you are selling.Make sure that you can explain everything you are saying in your essay in layman's terms. This will help you appeal to your readers. Even if you can write an essay in the most elegant language, it won't impress your readers if you can't communicate it in a simple way.Finally, don't forget to check out all the different college entrance essay samples that are available on the Internet. Research will save you a lot of time, especially when you are doing research for a test. Besides that, many samples are very detailed and easy to understand, so it will also save you a lot of time to find the right essay for you.

The Structure Of The American Family Structures - 933 Words

The understanding of the Diverse Family Structures is important as the structure of the American family grows and changes. To be an effective teacher you need to understand your students and their family structure. Some reach I did on this to become more equipped in understanding the family structure while teaching diversity The Many Kinds of Families in Our Communities by Julie Edwards describes the many different types of family structures and a brief description of each one. The next article in my research by Lin, Lake Rice comes from the Teacher Education Quarterly titled Building Relationships Between Teachers and Diverse Families. This article is very helpful as it brings teachers, students and parents together to discuss teaching diversity and understanding diverse family structures. The article Anti-Bias Curriculum by Vanessa Rasussen Describes teaching an anti-bias curriculum provides children with strategies for improving their social conditions with understanding of so cial problems such as culture, language, race, gender and economic class. The article from NAEYC Reflections from Teachers of Culturally Diverse Children gives teachers suggestion in developing cultural competence in different areas of diversity. Lastly, Implementing an Anti-Bias Curriculum in Early Child Hood Classrooms. ERIC Digest discusses bias and cultural differences and how to incorporate curriculum development in a multicultural classroom environment. Although the anit-bias curriculumShow MoreRelatedEssay on African American Family Structure461 Words   |  2 PagesAfrican American Family Structure Effects of African American Family Structure on School Attitudes and Performance In todays world, there is such a big emphasis on education and its importance. And there should be an emphasis. 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Although, specific socioeconomic conditions during the 1950’s permitted this family structure to work, by t he 1980’s this organization of the family would prove unstable.Read MoreFamily Structure And Children s Educational Success1280 Words   |  6 Pages Family Structure and Children’s Educational Success Taylor Yonce Sociology 2010-Section 012 Shannon McDonough 11/23/15 Introduction Nontraditional family structures have become more common and accepted throughout today’s society than in the past. This shift in family structure could have great implications for children and their future success. I chose to research whether children raised in traditional families tend to achieve more academically than those raisedRead MoreThe Neo Traditional Family Structure Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe neo-traditional family structure is subsiding and is being replaced by the now more popular egalitarian family structure. Before the neo-traditional family structure was considered ideal, with one sole financial provider for the family (usually the male), but this family structure is more difficult to maintain because t is difficult for one person o be the breadwinner; also, the unfinished revolution has also led to viewing this family structure as unappealing because it can be limiting for one

Birth Defects Essays - 2443 Words

Birth Defects No one is immune to birth defects, yet not everyone is equally susceptible. Birth defects are not merely a medical problem. They have profound effects on the social and psychological well being of their family and friends. In the normal course of fetal development, cells migrate to their appropriate destination so that organs and limbs form where they should. Usually, the genes perform flawlessly, but mistakes can and do occur. Some of the most common birth defects results from the interaction between one or two abnormal genes out of 100,000 that make up who we are. This is caused by the genes parents pass on or effected by drugs and alcohol upon the fetus of a new born child. Downs syndrome, the most common genetic†¦show more content†¦Over the next few years, he gradually became paralyzed and blind. Finally, he became so affected that he was completely unaware of anything or anyone around him. Then, just before his fourth birthday, he died. (Gravelle 56). quot; About one in three hundred people carries this disease, but carriers are ten times more common among mid and eastern European Jewsquot; (Gravelle 56). This devastating disease has a tremendous emotional effect on the parents. From day one they watch their beautiful healthy child grow up and live a normal life. Their child could live a normal life for three to four years without any symptoms. And then with no warning their normal way of life changes dramatically as they watch their child suffer a slow traumatizing death. Along with watching their child, they also have to face their new life. They now have to sent most of their time and money on the child, but how ? If they both take off work who will pay for all the doctor bills. If one takes off work who should it be? Physical breakdowns are a major component facing parents as the deal with all this added pressure. Their life will consist living around hospitals and live in nurses which many might get to help cope with the child. Their sex life changes. Most of the time parents feel dirty or diseased them selves causing intimacy to stop and from this, parents soon grow farther apart. Their areShow MoreRelatedA Birth Defect1860 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent recourses show that about 1 in 33 babies that are born in the U.S have a birth def ect. I decided to use this known fact from the Human Biology thirteenth edition textbook by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelpecht due to the fact that not many people know or even care to think about it— that is— unless it happened to them or someone in their own circle. In order to understand how to prevent and test for a birth defect you need to understand some common definitions and words that can be used whileRead MoreBirth Defects2486 Words   |  10 PagesBirth Defetc s No one is immune to birth defetc s, yet not everyone is equally susceptible. 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Most cases of unhealthy development can be avoided, however there are some genetic and environmental factors that cannot. Some genetic factors that affect the development of the fetus are Phenylketonuria, Sickle-cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, and Down Syndrome (Feldman 402). Some environmental teratogens that affect the development of the fetus are

The Unnamed Man s Imminent Downfall - 1506 Words

Garrett Wight Prof. Ian Storey College English 28 October 2015 The Unnamed Man’s Imminent Downfall Some people tend to not look at the entire picture when evaluating another person and depicting their personality and attitude. While evaluating the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† that was traveling to â€Å"the boys†, it can be inferred that he had many flaws in his personality and in his attitude (London 549). Others might have been blinded by the other pieces of evidence suggesting he was a hero, an intelligent man, or a great outdoorsman. This unnamed man, who has no name for a purpose, is depicted as stubborn and unaffected by obvious warnings in the very beginning of the story. It can be argued that this man is a fool because he disregarded†¦show more content†¦(London 548) The man was unaffected by the severity of his surroundings. He recognized them exactly for what they were and not for how they would affect him. His egotism masked the reality of human beings being frail in comparison to nature. London uses the concept of repetition to establish the fact of the cold in the reader’s mind and to also show how the cold â€Å"deprived him initially of a will, then of desires, and at last of life itself†(Mitchell 80). This repetition marks stupidity in the fact that the man does not learn from his mistakes; in fact, he rather continues to justify his decisions based on his egocentric mindset. Usually when a person is given advice from an older and wiser person, they accept and use the advice. This man refused the advice given to him by the man from Sulphur Creek. He recollected when the old man told him how cold it got sometimes, and the man laughed at the thought. Once again, after he fell into the freezing water, he remembered the o ld man telling him that no man should travel alone in 50 below 0 weather or colder. At this time, he had made a fire to warm himself up; all was going well. This made him think how â€Å"womanish† the old man was and how much of a manly man he, himself was (London 553). Soon, thereafter, his fire was put out by the snow on a tree because of his recklessness when gathering sticks for the fire. After that he realized how much of a fool he had been

Empirical Evidence Electrics and Electronics Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Evidence Electrics and Electronics Industry. Answer: Introduction The scope and the influences of logistics have evolved immensely in the late 40s to 60s of the last century. Initially only the military organizations used logistics, but later the scopes of logistics were extended beyond the army organizations and were widely known as one of the most important apparatus to develop competitiveness. The term competitive advantage means that the association has the required capability to distinguish itself in the eyes of the customers and also is working at a lower price and greater revenue (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). The logistics facilitates in receiving the products or goods and services as and when they are required and preferred to the clients. Logistics as well helps in various economic connections and serving as a significant enabler of expansion of trade and commerce in a particular economy. The logistics nowadays is widely known as a different purpose along with the rise of the mass production systems. The distribution and production in previous days were seen as a chronological chain of particular actions. Thus the position of the logistics is to make sure the accessibility of all the needed resources prior to each step in the sequence. Inevitably the inventory of raw resources, completed goods and semi-finished merchandise is a must across the sequence to make sure the smooth functioning. The basic notion of logistics has its foundation upon the systems approach. There is a solitary chain with a run of resources initiating from the provider, after that to the plant and lastly in the end purchaser and also those actions were done in sequence to attain the customer satisfaction at low cost (Seuring and Gold 2012). Thus to be successful, there must be a harmonization in the actions of the department. With references to a specific association, the organizations get a tang ible shape because of its arrangement. Earlier times, the suppliers in distributional activities were spread across the whole structure, resulting in an overlapping of the activities and finally are inexplicable authority and responsibility. In todays world, the organizations, which are process driven organizations, the focus has shifted from the functions to process and logistics has thus become a significant element of the process. Definitions of Logistics The American Council of Logistics Management describes logistics being the processes of planning, controlling and implementing the efficient, storage of raw materials, cost effective flow, fished merchandise and related information from the origin to consumption for the reason of in compliance to the necessities of the customers (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). Experts defined logistics as the planning, controlling and implementing the physical flows of the resources and finished products from the point of origin to the point of use to meet the customers needs at the profit. The inventory can be seen as one of the main factors that can have an effect on the revenue of an organization to a huge amount. Traditionally, the organizations had to carry a lot of inventory to satisfy clients and in order to make sure an excellent customer service (Zhang et al. 2013). Later on when the funds are blocked in inventory and those were not used for any other productive purposes. Those costs will exhaust any organizations profits and logistics also helps to maintain the inventory next to the lowest level to achieve the customer objective. This can be done by small but recurrent supplies. Freight is a significant starting place of charges in logistics and this might get reduced by the measures by choosing the appropriate mode of transport, long distance shipments, route planning, consolidation of freight etc. The materials required by the clients have to be delivered on time and not ahead of the scheduled time or behind it. There must be a suitable planning of modes of the transportation with availability of the inventory would ensure this (Seuring and Gold 2012). At some times the goods might be damaged because of the improper packing or frequent handling of the delivery or other reasons. These kinds of damages add to the logistics costs and the usage of proper logistical packing, mechanized material handling equipment would diminish the harm (Zhang et al. 2013). An organization should have the potential of extending the service to the clients in te shortest time span. Using the most up-to-date technologies regarding giving out information and communication would progress the process of decision making, and that enables the organization to be elastic so that the company can satisfy the necessities of the clients within the shortest time span (Janvier-James 2012). Functions of logistics The dispensation of the orders taken from the clients is an action that is vital by itself and also consumes much time and paperwork (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). This involves the stepladder like inspecting the orders for any deviations in the negotiated terms, payment, price and delivery terms and checking whether the materials are obtainable in stock, and scheduling and producing the materials for any kinds of shortages and giving acknowledgements to the owners by signifying any deviations. Managing the inventory helps an organization to maintain an optimum level of inventory that will help to satisfy the clients. Various actions like inventory forecasting, manufacturing the order quantity, proper deployment of inventory and many more are concerned in this matter. Warehouse is the place where all the finished products are reserved before they are sent to be sold in the market. This is the most significant cost center and inappropriate warehouse management can create a lot of issues in future (Seuring and Gold 2012). Transportation helps moving the finished products to the customers place and this can be done by choosing a variety of methods like rail, seaways, air and roadways. Packaging is the most critical element in the physical allotment of the goods and it also influences the competence of the system of logistics. Value delivery in management of supply chain Nowadays the globe has turn out to be a global community, and because of liberalization and globalization the business associations are much more forced to provide the goods further than their nationalized boundaries (Janvier-James 2012). Thus in those state of affairs, the function of logistics is to offer time place and usefulness of the goods to clients. Also organizations are striving to achieve competitiveness and in their resistance to endure, the focus has shifted towards supply chain, and to deliver the worth for money for their clients. Logistics plays a significant role in the process of delivering the value and how flourishing the supply chain management is, greatly dependent on support and planning of logistics. In recent years, the trend is to outsource and organizations are continuing to farm out their operations as it is better to outsource the useful areas to experts who know how to carry out the job at a significant lower cost and this is one technique of adding valu e. Usually, the in-house logistics departments in manufacturing companies consider all the aspects of logistics (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). This is certainly not the area of the core capability of manufacturing or trading corporations. Nowadays, a lot of thriving business organizations throughout the globe is outsourcing logistics to the third party providers of logistics; those are having the necessary communications and expertise to do the work in a better way. Complete solutions of logistics are provided to manufacturers and traders by the third party logistics providers and they help to integrate a variety of operations of logistics, thus making it sure a speedy and consistent movement of supplies across the supply chain. Logistics is nowadays extensively used in almost each area. The accomplishment of a logistics service providing corporation heavily relies on how they conceptualize and put into operation the logistics solutions, and also adjust to the necessities of the custom er (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). These days organizations only look for sustainable competitive advantages, not for only the growth, but also for the need to sustain (Lee and Lam 2012). There are so much steep rivalry that companies are bound to analyze their process of business whilst they distribute the goods and services to clients, who are searching for more worth for the sum that they are spending. The focal point of rivalry has moved from the manufactured goods to the supply chain. Nowadays, logistics management is supported by the system concept and cost approach. Transportation, managing of materials, warehousing, and order processing and inventory management are the key logistics activities that impact the client cost and operation. Integrated logistics helps to take out the price of the supply chain and it also improves the level of customer service (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). When seeing at the macro level, the growth of a nations economy is wholly based on the accessibility of good logistics infrastructur e. The pace of the movement of merchandise is based to a great extent on the range of ways of transportation like road, rail, air, and sea. Logistics actually has a bright prospect, especially in countries like India, but definite pressing issues such as abolition of octopi levy, rationalization of customs formalities, and various improvements regarding road and rail infrastructure, creation of modern warehouse facilities and many more, must to be taken care of (Cozzolino 2012). Logistics and customer service Clients are definitely the center of any action as the most important cause at the back of this, being that eventually every product, service or scheme lastly needs to be catered to the customers necessities. According to experts, the Customer service as a multifaceted of behavior that involves all areas of the industry that combines to deliver and invoice the companys manufactured goods in a fashion that is supposed as acceptable by the client and which moves forward the companys objective. Customer service, as a notion has numerous aspects to it. Logistics management has a key role in increasing the customer satisfaction and also retention and thus creating a lifetime client value. In other expressions, customer service as a amalgamation of activities enables a business organization to add some more value to the purchaser It is a chief constituent of the merchandise or service that is offered to the purchaser. With good quality of customer service, the existing clients are content and this attracts new clients throughout word-of-mouth system of communication. Customer Service is not just a function or an activity (Lee and Lam 2012). It is a philosophy, and attitude. With so much importance given to customer service, companies are trying to increase the level of customer service and scale up to the expectations of the client. Unless the goods are in the hands of the purchaser at the time and place of condition, goods do not have any worth attached to them. To achieve a praiseworthy service level, the organization has to plan a closely incorporated logistics strategy (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). In todays marketplace, clients are so much difficult to deal with, not only in the quality characteristic but also in relation to the service aspect. Clients form a only some perceptions in relation to the variety of aspects of customer service like reliability, trustworthiness, responsiveness, competency etc (Seuring and Gold 2012). With the help of these cues, purchaser s evaluate the companys services and state whether they are content or not (Zhang et al. 2013). Physical distribution has a key role in providing customer service. As there an increase in the competition is seen, along with a progression in technology, firms today are faced with the increasing pressure to develop even more ground-breaking strategies for customer service. Two key factors that contributed immensely for the growing significance of customer service as a spirited weapon are the incessant progress expectations of customer and the stable shift of customers from branded goods to local unbranded products (Janvier-James 2012). An extremely good example would be the personal computer market, where the buyer finds it hard to make a difference between a branded version and an unbranded one. The swiftness of technological alteration and a decreased product life cycle has additionally enhanced the significance of customer service. It has to be ensured that over the years there has been a radical change in the mode of customer satisfaction. With changing milieu of the customer behavior and their want of the products from a company, the mode of service provision has also witnessed a certain change (Lee and Lam 2012). Thus better or to be specific, an active and effective supply chain management has the key to provide an impactful option to the companies to work on the process. In the past, the satisfaction of the customers depended more upon requirements like the quality and quantity. However, this was highly entrenched that focusing on the customer satisfaction would highly become effective depending upon the cost reduction process (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). However, cost reduction strategies and process in supply chain has often resulted in the breaching and violation of sustainability and the regulations oriented with it. There has been a question pertaining to the reliability and adaptability of the comp anies with the suppliers and vice versa (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). In this regard there has been a proper understanding of the process pertaining to the effective supply and logistics management. Considering the quality of the supplies, the companies would prefer the positioning of the warehouse. Both logistics and customer service goes hand in hand. Requirement such as shifting, shipping, delivery and packaging includes better problem solving attitudes in need. However, there has to be certain understanding of the process which led to the understanding of the entire case. Manufacturing Companies- Logistics and Customer Satisfaction: In terms of manufacturing companies, this has to be ensured that quality raw materials are provided to the manufacturer. Management systems and policies and principles are quite oriented with agile and lean production process. This has to be ensured that the specific understanding has to be taken into certain understanding of the process. In this process, there is a certain case that has actually provided effective learning method while addressing customer satisfaction level (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). Many papers have been written providing ample information about customer satisfaction and the strategies that the companies should undertake while addressing to the greater number o the customers. One of the most important aspects in innovative logistics management is the intervention of information technology (Lee and Lam 2012). Proper implementation process would also meliorate the disturbed situations in a company. ICT or information and communication technology in supply chain and logistics has been proving quite effective to determine customer satisfaction. The elementary mantra for ensuring customer satisfaction is the quality of product provided to the customers and post sales services (Cozzolino 2012). Two key factors that contributed immensely for the growing significance of customer service as a competitive weapon are the incessant progress of customer expectations and the steady shift of customers from branded goods to local unbranded products. A very good example would be the personal computer market, where the buyer finds it difficult to make a difference between a branded version and an unbranded one. The swiftness of technological change and a decreased product life cycle has additionally developed the significance of customer service. In terms of post sales services most of the companies use third party organizations or the outsourcing companies. In this case, those third party organizations provide ample scope to broaden the path for the core companies to reach to the greater number of customers. In this case, the outsourcing companies are highly equipped with proper ICT systems that are supplied to them from the top-class organizations (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). Since this is performed through a chain system, all the organizations and the agencies are to be well equipped. In this context, proper incoterm management system comes in to existence. In collaboration with the supply chain partners, the automation of the process has also eased the business practices. According to Gunasekaran et al (2004), the measurement of the performance of the suppliers is considered to be something quite important in terms of creating an essence with ease. However, this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective supply chain process. This is how, a particular group of logistics solutions are highly effective in terms of service provision to the clients (Cozzolino 2012). In this case, classification of the customer needs to be taken into account. Since supply chain is managed in B2B process i.e. business to business process, there is a clear understanding of the process pertaining to the identification of the business clients as well as the identification of the retail customers in the market (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). For instance, for shipment, the companies with high quality ICT services are always prioritized. Customer service as a complex of activities involves all areas of the business which combine to deliver and invoice the companys product in a fashion that is perceived as satisfactory by the customer and which advances the companys objective. Customer service, as a notion has numerous aspects to it (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). Logistics management has a key role in increasing the customer satisfaction and also retention and thus creating a lifetime client value. In other expressions, customer service as a amalgamation of activities enables a business organization to add more value to the buyer.There is a need, as Del Baldo said, to ensemble the integration between the carriers, information technology firms, and the manufacturing companies. One of the widely used technological interventions has been F lashView software that tracks the usage and storage of inventory data. The aim of using this software is to provide effective information to the clients pertaining to the update. The other important technological acceptance is the acceptance of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which is one of the most important and vital piece of technologies that ensures effective service provision to the clients in the business process. Through RFID chips, the companies are able to focus on the usage of ultimate foundational cases (Zhang et al. 2013). Social media in any business process plays an important role. However, the plethora of social media services and its synchronization has to be ensured with proper usage. Through social media optimization, the supply chain management is precisely performed. Through proper usage of social media, it would be strengthened (Cozzolino 2012). References and Bibliography Bosona, T. and Gebresenbet, G., 2013. Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain.Food control,33(1), pp.32-48. Caunhye, A.M., Nie, X. and Pokharel, S., 2012. Optimization models in emergency logistics: A literature review.Socio-economic planning sciences,46(1), pp.4-13. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cozzolino, A., 2012.Humanitarian logistics: cross-sector cooperation in disaster relief management. Springer Science Business Media. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Griffis, S.E., Bell, J.E. and Closs, D.J., 2012. Metaheuristics in logistics and supply chain management.Journal of Business Logistics,33(2), pp.90-106. Hu, Z.H. and Sheu, J.B., 2013. Post-disaster debris reverse logistics management under psychological cost minimization.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,55, pp.118-141. Janvier-James, A.M., 2012. A new introduction to supply chains and supply chain management: Definitions and theories perspective.International Business Research,5(1), p.194. Kannan, D., Diabat, A., Alrefaei, M., Govindan, K. and Yong, G., 2012. A carbon footprint based reverse logistics network design model.Resources, conservation and recycling,67, pp.75-79. Katsikopoulos, K.V. and Gigerenzer, G., 2013. Behavioral operations management: A blind spot and a research program.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(1), pp.3-7. Lai, K.H. and Wong, C.W., 2012. Green logistics management and performance: Some empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing exporters.Omega,40(3), pp.267-282. Lee, C.K.M. and Lam, J.S.L., 2012. Managing reverse logistics to enhance sustainability of industrial marketing.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), pp.589-598. Mangan, J. and Lalwani, C., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Mithas, S., Krishnan, M.S. and Fornell, C., 2013, May. Why do customer relationship management applications affect customer satisfaction?. American Marketing Association. Myerson, P., 2012.Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Priem, R.L. and Swink, M., 2012. A demand?side perspective on supply chain management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), pp.7-13. Rodrigue, J.P., 2012. The geography of global supply chains: evidence from third?party logistics.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(3), pp.15-23. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Seuring, S. and Gold, S., 2012. Conducting content-analysis based literature reviews in supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), pp.544-555. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Song, D.W. and Panayides, P., 2012.Maritime logistics: a complete guide to effective shipping and port management. Kogan Page Publishers. Soysal, M., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M., Meuwissen, M.P. and van der Vorst, J.G., 2012. A review on quantitative models for sustainable food logistics management.International Journal on Food System Dynamics,3(2), pp.136-155. Waller, M.A. and Fawcett, S.E., 2013. Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management.Journal of Business Logistics,34(2), pp.77-84. Wittstruck, D. and Teuteberg, F., 2012. Understanding the success factors of sustainable supply chain management: empirical evidence from the electrics and electronics industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(3), pp.141-158. Zaffran, M., Vandelaer, J., Kristensen, D., Melgaard, B., Yadav, P., Antwi-Agyei, K.O. and Lasher, H., 2013. The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems.Vaccine,31, pp.B73-B80. Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, D. and Deng, Y., 2013. Route selection for emergency logistics management: A bio-inspired algorithm.Safety science,54, pp.87-91.

Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune free essay sample

The music recording industry has been rocked by the peer to peer file sharing technology. The distribution of music Is now available as a digital product (Bloodstock, Kauffman, Riggings 2004). The industry claims that the file sharing technology has caused a reduction in their profits. The increase in popularity of devices that play the digital music, such as the MPH player, Apple pod and the Dell JukeBox, are driving the demand for MPH-formatted music.The digital music format Is here to stay and Is fast becoming the preferred product choice for music customers (Bloodstock, Kauffman, Rig;NSA 2004). 1. Apply the value chain and competitive forces models to the music recording Industry. U. S. Retail sales of recorded music dropped from $1 billion in 1999 to $10. Bun in 2003 (Keenan 2004), while the popularity of digital music has grown. Meanwhile, Apple Attunes customers grew from 861,000 In July 2003 to 4. 9 million In March 2004 (Borderland and Fried 2004), reflecting digital musics new role as a strategic necessity of the music industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Analysts predict that in five years 20% to 33% of all music sales will shift from CDC to digital distribution (Keenan 2004). With this In mind the music recording industry may have to change Its value chain and business models to adapt and survive in this modern digital world. The following figure demonstrates the traditional value chain. Figure 1: Traditional Music Industry Value Chain: Figure 1, shows the main drivers for value In the traditional recorded music value chain Include copyright and licensing, production, distribution and Inventory, and promotion and marketing costs (Bloodstock, Kauffman, Riggings 2004). For digital music, there is no longer a physical product to manufacture. Instead the product itself is information: the digital music recording (Bloodstock, Kauffman, Riggings 2004). The nature of the new digital music format Is a key driver of the new virtual value chain in the industry. The following figure illustrates a new outlook on the digital music value chain. Figure 2: Digital Music Industry Value Chain Figure 1 2: distribution is decreasing, but digital music retailers add new value.With Internet distribution and music piracy, they can now add value through marketing, promotions, copyrighting and licensing. There is also value added through enforcement of IP rights and piracy prevention (Bloodstock, Kauffman, Riggings 2004). He competitive forces model can be used to evaluate the music recording industrys current situation and what business strategy they may employ to maintain and generate new sales. Figure 3: Porters competitive forces model Figurer: Forces Driving Industry Competition. Source: M.Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: Free Press, 198. Rhea Internet has completely remodeled the competitive forces model for music industry over last few years. Digital technology meant that media, including Cads, could easily be copied without loss of quality. The arrival of MPH meant that the opted version could be compressed without any noticeable drop in quality, this makes the distribution much easier. The internet offers a network where the copies can be exchanged.After Peer-to-Peer programs such as Anapest were invented the general population was able to obtain a near-perfect copy of a CD for nothing. The competition arises from: Industry competitors: Five major recording labels MI, Sony Music, BMW, Universal Music Group and Manner Music Group account for about 75% of the market share worldwide. The companies which embrace new business models/strategies will gain a competitive advantage which ultimately will help them to survive in the new digital music environment.Potential Entrants: Rhea five major labels can not take their market share for granted anymore as many artists are cutting out the record companies and establishing their own website from Inch they can promote their music, the competition naturally becomes more ferocious. Companies such as Anapest, Grosser and Apple limits the recording labels profit as the sales of CDC drops and the downloading of digital music rapid ly increases. Substitutes: If a record companies product isnt priced right, or not delivered in the right format, t from the internet or burn the CD from a peer. Errs: Rhea power of the consumer has increased due to the availability of music online. Consumers can now download music for free, instead of having to make a lager purchase for a CD in a traditional music store. This requires record companies to sell their product at a lower price and through different channels. Luckily, they have begun to do this (tunes from Apple for example). Record companies need to listen to the wishes of consumers as they cannot prescribe a format or a channel. Suppliers: Due to the introduction of the internet, artists have become less dependent on the rotational networks of the record companies.Authors can directly promote their material through their own website. Some completely by-pass the record company all together. The author gains more control over their own product and the record company now has less control. 2. What role did the Internet play in changing value propositions and the competitive environment? To what extent has it been responsible for declining CD sales? Explain [our answer. Rhea value proposition of CDC has decreased due to the increase in music available did the internet and new technologies.With the introduction of larger memory yester and digital music the need to physically own a CD has declined. Rhea competitive environment of the music market is changing, new forms of entertainment and technology are taking over and altering the way we use and play music. Compact discs are not obsolete but the way we use and access music is changing. People are relying more and more on other forms of entertainment. Many internet users choose free music downloads over purchasing music. It is estimated that 37 million Americans have downloaded music (Lauded p. 143).In 2000, CD sales Nerve about $35. 5 billion, in 2001 sales fell to $33. Billion, a decrease of 5% (lauded p 144). The Recording Industry Association of America (ARIA) is amongst those that blame the access to, and downloading of, free music for the declining CD sales. But not everybody believes this is the full reason. In an article in Necessities (flexible Borehole-gee, Harvard Business School Massachusetts, and Coleman Strumpet, University of North Carolina concluded with their research that . At most, file sharing can explain a tiny fraction of this decline.In that same article Amy Weiss of ARIA states that countless well respected groups and analysts have all determined hat illegal file sharing has adversely impacted the sales of CDC. Research by people Independent of the Music Industry seems to suggest other factors for the decrease in CD sales. These include other forms of entertainment introduction of new technology and storage systems rising prices of Cads weak economy Some researches believe that digital downloads have in-fact increased the sales of music.A survey by Jupiter Research found that Of a survey of 3,319 people 0 found that file traders were reporting that they now bought more music than they had before From his research Borehole-Gee suggests that file sharing has little or no effect on the amount of sales saying [File sharing] is not as dangerous as many have believed. The music industrys ability to influence what people listen to seems almost unbroken , and that That industry marketing video play on MET, for instance seems to affect downloads as well as CD sales. . Analyze the response of the music recording industry to these changes. What management, organization, and technology issues affected this response? Response of the recording Industry The recording industries response to the changing market was to try and stop advances. 0 Testator with they went head to head with Anapests, a website roving software and services that allowed consumers to download MPH music for free, they sued them for violating copyright laws (Lauded, Peggy). Anapest was sued in 1999.In 2003, the Australian Music Industry (AM) took an internet service provider to court involving alleged music piracy, followed by an 11 month investigation. (Pearce 2003). In 2006, Sherman Networks, Sydney, Australia agreed to a payout for compensation to record companies, rumored to be IIS$1 million. (Gonzales 2006). Also in 2006, in Germany, the IF took action against illegal file sharing, with 3500 individuals facing criminal prosecution for uploading large mounts of copyrighted material on peer to peer networks. (if. Org 2006). The industry have also targeted other software providers, unsuccessfully in 2004 and individuals, sending cease and desist letters. 0 Have sent instant messages to Aziza and Grosser accessories said, When you break the law, you risk legal penalties. There is a simple way to avoid there risks: DONT STEAL MUSIC (Lauded, peg 144). 0 How far can they take it? A report by Alexandra Center (University of Chicago) suggests that The development of broadband facilitates music swapping. A soundtrack that takes more than 12 minutes with a dial-up connection can be unloaded in as fast as 20 seconds with a high-speed connection. Teaming up with sites that provide legal low cost downloads has increased legal download sales, Bandsman (2005) reports that During the first half of 2005, legal downloads accounted for IIS$790 million in sales compared with IIS$220 million for the first half of 2004. Thats an increase of more than 350 percent in download sales0 Finally realizing that these methods while sometimes successful would not solve the problem a major recording company finalized a licensing agreement and Mishmash, the first APP legal downloading site was created.Since many other sites have also reached agreements with the recording companies and low cost, legal downloads are available. 2; The music industry deems inter net piracy as the sole reason for the reduction in sales of CDC and loss of revenue. Parts of the music industry has not embraced the new technology and most still have the old school mentality. 2; The music industry decided that it was time to get more involved with the digital world by offering music at competitive prices and removing some of the downfalls of file sharing, like mislabel or infected song files (US News, 2003). The Music recording labels section within the music industry will have to transform their traditional role which is the physical distribution of albums, to managing a smaller set of artists, multiple distribution channels and customer information (Krueger, Eastman and Van Deer Beak, 2004) Technology 2; With the new digital music technology artists are able to promote and sell their music directly to the customer by the internet. #9642; Labels do not have the necessary technological infrastructure to allow for the distribution of digital music Labels would require the rights to produce the same music in a digital format Krueger, Eastman and Van Deer Beak, 2004). To prevent illegal copying of music over the internet digital fingerprinting and digital watermarking are put in place. The digital material is encoded with information such as the author and copyright date. The digital products location can be monitored when the digital fingerprints and watermarking are combined with tracking devices (Harvey, 2002). What is the current business strategy of the music industry? Do you think it is liable? Explain your answer. Despite some success with suing individuals, the music industry is unable to stop illegal downloading and copying of music. Obviously it had to come up with a way of benefiting both the downloaded and the music industry. This resulted in internet users now being able to swap music freely and legally with the success of sites such as tunes.Grosser, a file sharing network, and Synonyms Nortek together to come up with a system combing free music sampling with paid downloads. This resulted in Mishmash, finalized in June 2005. This was the first APP to complete a licensing deal with a major recording company. This allows a person to download and listen to a track for a number of times, before purchasing it for accents. Their success now allows the music industry to make money from downloading music. Record companies say they made 1. 7 billion from digital downloads last year. ABACI. Net 2006). Phonographic industry said in 2006, Delayed in the I-J and Germany, two of the biggest digital markets worldwide, legal buyers from sites like tunes, Musically and MS actually exceed illegal file swappers. Target Groups Rhea target group of the music industrys sales is all ages from babies with relaxation music through to the old classics from yesteryear. Other target groups the music industry must focus on are the recording artists they are producing. The musicIndustries compete with: other recording companies illegal download sites friends burning copies of music the companies that produce new technology like the MPH player that only requires {o to download the song onto the memory card etc There are really only 5 major recording companies, providing 80% of recorded music, (Lauded, peg 143) Each company must not only compete with a changing market but also the competition that exists between each recording provider. The number of companies allows artist to shop a round and find the best deal before committing.Universal music groups current e-commerce ventures including: 0 digital download obstruction web casting interactive radio pay-per-play through all digital channels of purchase such as computers set top boxes portable devices. (wry. Universalistic. Com) Rhea long term goals of the music companies involve expanding business inc reasing sales and profit TV finding ways to advance their production and distribution of music with new technologies. The record companies are focusing themselves on the profit or lack of profit rather than embracing the changes in the market.They cannot change the new technologies created or the way people are choosing to listen or obtain music. O continue being profitable they must embrace changes in the market and find new Nays to continue providing their services New technology means new opportunities in the market they need to focusing on providing: cheap safe downloads. Consumers are more likely to pay for music downloads if they know that what they are downloading is from a safe, virus free source. Some sites for downloading music, consumers risk downloading a virus with the song. Changing the contracts that they have with the recording artists so that they are making a profit off all their efforts including endorsements and sponsors. Suing your potential customers is not positive strategy that will increase sales, instead it produces negative feedback and bad publicity. Sending letter seems like a waste of time and money, the $10000 they got from each of the students wouldnt even make a dent in the amount of money 5. What is the effect on an author if people download copyrighted material from the N.B.?If you were an author how would you feel? One of the main problems as confirmed by Ted Cohen, MI UP of New Media, is that nobody feels wrong about doing what (downloading free Amps on the Internet) theyre doing(Doubloons-Turbot t al). When music is downloaded illegally, artists are deprived of royalties from their songs. With this in mind and the increasing rate of internet music downloading/file sharing an author may need to think of new ideas and solutions to advance into the digital future.Some artists may feel angry and cheated due to the loss of royalties, as opposed to others who might use the technology to their advantage. The internet Mould allow authors to boost their exposure, promote and market their music through a web site. Rhea use of legal downloading of copyright music through online distribution allows ewe opportunities for the music industry to develop new business strategies that Nil in turn be profitable for artists and musicians (Krueger, Eastman van deer Beck, 2003). According to the musician Mob, the record industry will have to throw out its current business model.Once the record companies have less marketing clout, and Ninth internet distribution, artists will be in powerful position. Why is a record company any more qualified to send an MPH to tunes than I am? (Doubloons-Turbot et al). Rhea Recording Industries Association of America (Aria) suggests that Unauthorized striation of music is killing both sales growth and profits. The result is music costs more to produce, theres greater risk in signing smaller acts with uncertain audiences, and the lower sales volumes have forced the labels to raise the retail price of CDC. As an author initially I would feel annoyed, robbed and vulnerable as I would not receive my full entitlements. I would be concerned about the future and have to start thinking how I could make the most of the digital era. Conclusion Nile studies show that early on free downloads and music piracy had a major effect n the sale of Cads, later studies and statistics also show that if the music industry and the APP sites work together, then a happy medium can be reached, with the benefits all around. Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune free essay sample The online downloading of music from the Internet has ripped apart the old business model of record companies controlling the production of albums which are purchased through record shops. The last few turbulent years have seen many high profile law suits; some of which went In favor of the music Industry and some of which went against. 1. Apply the value chain and competitive forces models to the music recording Industry. 2. What role did the Internet play in changing value propositions and the competitive environment?To what extent has it been responsible for declining CD sales? Explain your answer. 3. Analyses the response of the music recording industry to these changes. What management, organization, and technology issues affected this response? 4. What Is the current business strategy of the music Industry? Do you think It Is viable? Explain your answer. 5. What Is the effect on an author If people download copyrighted material from the web? If you were an author how would you feel? Introduction: For many years the recording industry has been threatened by the impact of genealogy. We will write a custom essay sample on Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before the CD and the internet, in the iii there was the cassette tape, which began the Issue of illegally copying music by individuals. Steven Hanford (2003) says that music is in transition from being a tangible commodity to becoming an intangible one and I*This side-materializing of music has the big five companies worried, and with good reason. I To address the Issues In the recording Industry It Is necessary to describe the industry business models bearing in mind the managerial, organizational and technological impacts in today society. The value chain model Is an organizations set of linked, value-creating activities, ranging from securing basic raw materials and energy to the ultimate delivery of products and services. The model is used to address specific business activities I OFF (such as lowering cost to provide better value to customers, producing a different product or, enlarging or narrowing the current market. ) The primary activities of the value chain model include the production and distribution of products and services and the support activities include organizational infrastructure, human resources, recurrent and technology (Lauded and Lauded 2006, p. 1). In the music industry the value chain model can be seen in the growth of companies which use the Internet as their medium ( egg. Aziza, Morpheme, Grosser, limier, torrent download sites). The internet has made it possible to create a new online digital product compared with the physical product in a store. Following from this is the ease of new entrants in the market due to price rivalry by providing lower cost products to consumers who enjoy the ease of use and the accessibility of the product. Porters competitive forces model (Lauded and Lauded 2006, p. ), outlines the need for businesses within an industry to cooperate to achieve strategic advantage due to market threats and opportunities which affect the firm. These threats include: OX New entrants OX Substitute products OX Bargaining power of customers OX Bargaining power of suppliers OX The positioning of traditional industry competitors Hanford (2003) is concerned about the way that the five major record labels (Universal Music, Sony Music, Warner Music, BMW and MI ) have continued to take over the minor labels. They belong to the Recording Industry Association of America (ARIA).They also control about 80% of all titles produced, own distribution companies that control over 80% of the wholesale market and often have the rights to much of the copyrighted music iv and often not the original artists (Hanford, 2003). Despite the efforts of the five major record labels the success of new entrants and products is overwhelming. The new products are cheap and easy to use and are market driven due to the bargaining power of customers who want value for money and suppliers who aim to maximizes profit with lower costs.Constantly, new substitute products are introduced to the market (egg. Pod and MPH players, MPH files replacing CDC and tapes). The Role of the Internet The internet is fast becoming the way in which consumers do business, where consumers once went to a retail store to select their product or any service they needed, now they only need to log onto the internet and make a purchase. The from warehouse to consumer. In turn the internet has reduced cost of marketing, information storage and to make their products or services more widely available and at reduced cost to consumers. His is having an effect on old business models and thus creating a new business del. For the music industry this has meant that consumers are not physically going into their stores but using the internet to obtain their information. They can order music over the net, see what is topping the charts and even find information about their favorite singer. Iris has also led to consumers legally and illegally downloading music for their POD or MPH players or burning CDC with their favorite songs..This has also meant that some authors/artists are not receiving the royalties from their music. Research by Bacchanalian LLC state more than 1 billion songs per week are unloaded from file-sharing programs (Lauded and Lauded 2006, p. 143). These programs are legal, however, they do allow the individual to illegally copy and download. There is a consumer belief that the internet is available for all and downloading is a natural part of the internet.. Only a small handful of people ever get caught for illegal downloading and it is a very difficult area to control.Consumers are attracted to I*freebies: or bargains and find the downloading option very appealing. ANAPEST had 80 million users until it was shut down, currently Aziza has most of the 7 million US users (Lauded and Lauded 2006, p. 143). Ere Internet and declining CD sales Downloading, (egg. I*peer-to-peer: through Aziza, Morpheme, Grosser, and later Apple tunes) has been accused by the industry of dramatically reducing sales and therefore profits. The music industry claims the cost due to music file sharing is billions of dollars per year (Lauded and Lauded 2006, p. 44). However, Bricklike (2002), stated that while there was a decline in sales (2000-2001) the revenue was up due to 7% rise in CD prices. Some critics say there are other contributing factors to the decline in sales. For example, consumers may be burning more CDC customers may have made a demand shift to DVD ( no US homes had DVD:s in 1999 but 35% had them in 2002). Also, CD prices have risen at a higher rate than the rise in consumer prices. Hanford (2003) puts it down to piracy I*kind Just plain unexciting music from the recording companies .Figures released by ARIA on thematic. Com website reported a 250% increase in Australian wholesale music market has grown by 27. 12% but heavy price discounting caused the dollar value of sales to drop by 3. 11%. Other reasons for declining CDC sales can be attributed to new products such as Pods and MPH players. New products are creating more opportunity for increased information storage and the products can be tailored to the individual taste. It is becoming easier to find and download music from the internet either legally or through piracy.In the words of Jeff Orphan a manager for artists and music producers: acids have become little more that advertisements for more-lucrative goods like concert ticks and T-shirts. I sales are so down and so off that, as a manager, I look at a CD as part of the marketing of an artist, more than an income article_email/SB117444575607043728-1 Nonjudgmental) The Music Industry Response The initial response from the music industry is to pull rank and incur costly legal expenses in the face of consumer demand for cheaper products.The industry has somewhat unsuccessfully sued firms and then has targeted individuals by using technology to message users about stealing or to obtain information on the identification of users who download. This has been challenged legally (Lauded and Lauded 2006, poppy-144). ARIA did identify and prosecute students and individuals for illegal music downloading. Letters were sent to colleges requesting that their students stop downloading music illegally. There have been prosecutions and compensation (not of much dollar value) was paid by university campuses where file-sharing was operating (Lauded and Lauded 2006, up. 43-143). ARIA sent Aziza and Grosser users messages stating sheen you break the law, you risk legal penalties. ARIA then filed lawsuits against 261 Americans. While the lawsuits have frightened some of the illegal downloaded there are still a large number who believe that there is nothing wrong with downloading or sharing music files (Lauded and Lauded), p. 144). In December 2003, the recording industry was dealt a further blow when the US Appeals court disallowed the method used by the recording industry (via ISP to determine online pirates (Did : Angelo 2003).Another response was to try a new strategy with music delivered legally by the internet with pricing structures. With consumers paying $1. 00 per song turnover increase would be around $5 billion a month. In 2002 songs were licensed for legal Other responses mentioned later have stemmed from the fact that these reposes are not working. Management issues affecting this response could include: How to counter-attack the threat to the industry long term stronghold over the industry (power issues) Concern about the serious impact that they thought downloading was having on profits.The issues of copyrights and the impact on the owners (even though many companies own the music, not the author/artist). Other issues would include the time, cost, effort involved in: How to compete within the industry at the new game Investigating other avenues for making money iv egg. Obtain income from artists other earnings (concerts, merchandise etc) Investigating ways to provide a product that cannot be downloaded e. Bonus collectors item, books, picturesOrganization issues affecting this response could include: The threat of loss of control over the market forces such as production, marketing, distribution and retail The impact on the business model iv it would have to be redesigned if alternatives Nerve sort in order to compete The cost of redesigning business processes for a change in focus and production of new products The huge impact on sales and distribution and the people and businesses involved Technology issues affecting this response would be the how to use technology to satisfy management and organization responses to the issues.For example: How to identify and address copyright lawb reakers. How the compete in the industry at the same game Ere current business strategy of the music industry In 2003, Apple Computers in conjunction with the recording industry implemented Tunes which was a legal and easy to use downloading product that has liberal copy laws (Lauded and Lauded 2006, up. 144-145). Another angle being pursued in Australia is a levy on blank CD and DVD media (a similar attempt to implement a levy on blank cassette tapes was rejected by the High Court). This levy, between three and five percent, presumes that most CDC are used or the purpose of copying copyrighted material, but enables buyers to obtain a refund if used for a legitimate purpose. The Federal Government is considering this. : Discourses year? ). There appears to have been some attempt by the industry to lower the price of the CD from around the ADD$30 to less than half price. The phasing out of the CD I*singles: recently is an indication that the music industry is still working on their Issues. He viability of current business strategy Ere business strategy for online distribution of songs is still progressing and its fate is unknown at this stage. Some believe that is will only be good for selling other products that the companies market. Consumers can still obtain cheaper products illegally through legal means). Ere biggest costs to the music industry are talent and marketing. There have been suggestions of consolidation of the 5 companies to 3 to give the industry more power. : II try to find this source!! JAW) There have also been reports of breaking ranks within the industry.In the New York rimes April 3, 2007 it was reported that MI skibobs ranks with the music industry biggest corporations yesterday by announcing a deal to sell songs online through Apple:s music service without copy protection. This unprotected music sells for $1. 29 per song (compared with . 99 cents per song) and the albums is(without intricacy software and in higher quality will sell for about $9. 99 (the regular price). Ninth Tunes being released the music industry was hoping for a rise in revenue in the digital music industry, this has not been so.While sales have risen it has not compensated for the fall in CD sales from a year ago. Over 40 countries have similar schemes to the one being investigated in Australia. Obscured year ). Recreating individuals will not stop file sharing e. Ill sharing will continue regardless . In fact, targeting individuals may cause a rejection of buying CDC in itself. Generally, it is quite clear that the current business strategy of the music industry is not working. The best way to stay viable in the industry would be to focus on cost reduction and to offer more value to the consumer.If consumers doom:t see value in buying CDC they are likely to download the music they want at a fraction of the cost. Ere impact on the author on downloading material from the web Assuming that this was illegal downloading and the author of the material in this ease was also the artist and held the copyright over the product, the author would miss out on the royalties that are payable in relation to the sale. In this case tit not Just the companies that miss out on a cut from sales, tit also the authors/artists etc. The author may not get the recognition that they deserve for how popular their music may actually be. The music charts, for example, are determined by CD sales, but while an artist may be popular, people may not be purchasing the music legitimately. This can lead too reduction in the artists image as they may be seen as not being as popular as they actually are. This could impact on the artist in a number of ways. Firstly, they may see a drop in ticket sales for their concerts due to reduced media exposure.Secondly, offers for advertising campaigns, movie deals etc may also decrease. There are many changes in the music world that impact on the artists/authors. For example, the authors of music produced by the recording industry are not always the same person as the artist. Another recent change has been the artist taking control over free internet distribution in order to create interest. Just recently, Radioed has shocked the industry by making the new album available online for a nominated price (Gibson 2007).The new album I*Len Rainbows to be released for download on 10 October 2007 is I*the most high-profile attempt yet to restructure the economics of a music industry struggling with the effects of digital piracy: (Gibson 2007). On the first day of sale more people had committed to paying 40 pound for the I*bonus: album than had ordered the download. The band had refused to use tunes because the Apple service sells individual tracks and not whole albums (Gibson 2007). How would the author feel? Therefore, an artist contracted to the companies within the music industry who was acquired illegally. However, if the artist/author has some control over the process it can be used to their advantage as with Radioed mentioned above who are not contracted to a major label (though they were previously with MI). With production and distribution costs down it is quite normal for many artists to manage themselves. Loyal fans will continue to support them via live performances, merchandise and the need to have the physical product. Conclusion Hanford (2003) suggests the continual mergers of the recording companies. MI, Nile the only one not part of the conglomerate, is vulnerable.

Can you revise some grammers and make good transitions between paragraphs

Can you revise some grammers and make good transitions between paragraphs? And also, find what causes gang and gun violence in school(with some quotations with bibliography:web address) and added in some where in my essay. In an era of the rising concern over public school violence, the controversy over the importance of mandatory uniform policy has been brought up as a debatable issue. Because of the controversial nature of this matter, those educators who advocate the uniform policy and those who condemn it are speaking out. One of the reasons that this issue was brought up is the degradation of school environment. Once considered sanctuaries of innocence and learning, American schools today are often perceived as dangerous places. The public recently has been busy by images of children shooting classmates and teachers, leading to fears that violence is becoming a horrifying "trend" in schools across the nation. Today, the main problems that cause school violence are gangs, firearms, and weapons. To reduce school crimes and enhance academic environment, some parents and school administrators, who believe that the uniforms will reduce gang activities, suggested enforcing the mandatory uniform p! olicy. However, their beliefs are misguided because the uniforms have no effects in contributing to a safer school environment; in addition, the uniforms bring further complex problems such as violation of the civil rights and economical problems. Instead of implementing mandatory uniform policy that causes additional problems besides school crimes, schools and the communities need to provide wiser procedures such as providing alternatives to gangs, restricting mass gun sales, and creating a visible law enforcement presence in the schools. These methods, unlike mandatory uniform policy, will not only prevent but also help in bringing an end to school violence. The leading cause of school violence in public schools today is ga...

EVIDENCED BASED PRACICE Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EVIDENCED BASED PRACICE - Literature review Example Multicentre study essentially represents the research study that is planned and is supported by various cooperating institutions. These institutions have been organised in order to assess variables along with outcomes within a specific patient population. There exist certain advantages and shortcomings pertaining to the multicentre study. In such kind of study, assessing the number of patient’s that would be required to conduct the study becomes quite convenient. This further assists in deriving the key outcomes that are convincing and are accepted at a higher level. In this article, this key term shows certain amount of relevancy. The article circles around the certainty of the risk factors pertaining to ‘Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration’. This is considered as multicentre study because requirement of patients’ number in the aforementioned case is important to have an in-depth knowledge about the problem. The technologies and instruments among others t hat have been implemented depict the association of multicentre as the key term with the article. For instance, â€Å"at baseline and at every subsequent visit (weeks 13, 26, 39, and 52), a thorough foot examination was performed to determine presence of a first or new ulcer† (Abbott & et. al., 1998). This ensures that the depiction of data reflects the implementation of multicentre study. The next key term can be considered as the predictive risk factors. In case of the predictive risk factors, it refers to the instant predictions that can be made pertaining to the relevant problem. In keeping with the predictive risk factors, it can be affirmed that it might accelerate the patient’s risk pertaining to the development of certain diseases. In this article that deals with foot ulceration in case of diabetic neuropathy, the patients might develop any adverse conditions with regard to the treatment being provided. Predictive risk factor has been focused with greater impor tance as a search term in order to derive the particular literature/article. It ensures the various risk conditions that might arise under certain treatment measures (Lund Research Ltd, 2013). The entire article related to ‘Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulceration’ deals with this particular disease. The objective of the article is to investigate the prognostic factors pertaining to the foot ulceration for the diabetic patients. Thus, these aspects can be taken into consideration as the key factors (Shaw & et. al., 2003). Key Words Highlighted Within the Literature The key words highlighted in the evaluated article are Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT) and Michigan DPN. In accordance with VPT, it is a form of measure that is applied in the peripheral neuropathy related to Type 1 diabetes. This measure has also been applied in this article to get the outcome related to foot ulceration within the diabetic patients (Martin & et. al., 2013). The prevailing tests conducted by the usage of VPT are useful in deriving the results pertaining to foot ulceration. Michigan Diabetic Polyneuropathy (DPN) is another form of measure that is applied in order to derive

Benefits and Disadvantages of Standards to an Organization Essay - 1

Benefits and Disadvantages of Standards to an Organization - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that organizations use thousands of standards in their daily operations to increase the quality, enhance environmental management, for health protection and safety, and in risk assessment. Standards refer to the published documents that detail procedures and specifications designed for ensuring safety, reliability, and consistency in services, products, and systems. They establish a conventional language, which defines safety criteria and quality. A standard comprises of codes, handbooks, specifications and guidelines defining possible goals in an organization. Standards also refer to documents that provide the requirements, rules, and guidelines regarding a service, product, or process. Requirements are complemented by the description of the services, products, and the process. Standards depend on the consensus approved by the recognized body. They enhance achievement of the optimum degree in a given context. They enable formulation, impleme ntation, and issuing of the requirements. The process of standardization in any organization enhances the fitness of purpose by defining the ability for the fulfillment of purpose based on specified conditions. Standards enhance the identification of optimum operating parameters in performance processes. Standards lay the conditions in use of the process and provide for the evaluation of the product conformity. The suitability of a process used towards the fulfillment of the requirement is outlined by the standards. This is achieved through a deliberate process of standardization for goods and services, irrespective of the region of manufacture or location of the organization. Standards enhance variety reduction where the consumer knows exactly what they want, and this is critical in organizations to enhance balancing the varieties. Compatibility enhancement is achieved through the standards. The parallel incompatible processes are detrimental in any organization, but standards enha nce compatibility by enhancing recognition of codes at all times in all the processes. Safety is enhanced using the health and safety standards that outline the safety parameters and identification processes.

The History Of Subtitles In Media

The History Of Subtitles In Media Soon after the invention of film, many efforts were made to convey the dialogue of the actors to the audience. It was started with what we now call intertitles which texts are drawn or printed on paper then filmed and placed between the sequences of the film. In 1903, they were first seen as epic and descriptive titles in Edwin S. Porters movie, Uncle Toms Cabin. However, there are some argument saying this technique may have been invented by cartoonist and filmmaker, J. Stuart Blackton. The titles were called as subtitles since 1909 as they were used in the same way in a newspaper. In the early years, the subtitles were already been placed in the moving image. However, this is very rare and only applicable to a few moving images such as in Porters College Chums (1907), Judex (1916) and Mireille (1922). In the early days of film subtitling the main problem was to place the subtitles on the distribution copies, as the negative was usually in safe keeping in the country of origin. Norway, Sweden, Hungary and France quickly took the lead in developing techniques for subtitling films. However, the first attested showing of a sound film with subtitles was when The Jazz Singer (originally released in the US in October 1927) opened in Paris, on January 26, 1929, with subtitles in French. Later that year, Italy followed suit, and on August 17, 1929, another Al Jolson film, The Singing Fool, opened in Copenhagen, fitted with Danish subtitles. (Gottlieb, p. 216) Jan Ivarsson (2004, November 17). A short technical history of subtitle in Europe. While it is still in the era of intertitles, it was very easy to solve the translation problem. The original titles were simply removed, translated, filmed and re-inserted back into the movie. An alternative is where a speaker was used to give a simultaneous interpretation of the intertitles such as the French Bonimenteur and the Japanese Benshi. To start with, attempts were made to breathe new life into the technique invented in 1909, i.e. manual projection of slides with printed texts directly onto the screen, but very soon, methods of copying photographed titles on to the film copy itself came into use. A frame containing the title was kept in position while the film negative and the positive print strip were fed forward and exposed. Jan Ivarsson (2004, November 17). A short technical history of subtitle in Europe. In fact, the very first subtitles in the modern sense have already saw the light of day since the silent film era. In 1909, M. N. Topp came out with a device which rapid showing titles for moving pictures other than those on the film strip. With this method, the projectionist can easily use the sciopticon (a kind of slide projector) to show the subtitles on the screen below the intertitles. However, this was never much more than a curiosity as similar technique with the titles on a film strip instead of slides have been used from time to time up to the present day in 2010. In 1930 a Norwegian inventor, Leif Eriksen, took out a patent for a method of stamping titles directly on to the images on the film strip, first moistening the emulsion layer to soften it. The titles were typeset, printed on paper and photographed to produce very small letterpress type plates for each subtitle. Later, in 1935, a Hungarian inventor, O. Turchà ¡nyi, registered a patent for a method whereby the plates were heated to a sufficiently high temperature to melt away the emulsion on the film without the need for a softening bath. Jan Ivarsson (2004, November 17). A short technical history of subtitle in Europe. Literature Review Function of subtitle: There a few main functions of subtitle. Among the functions of subtitle is to help the viewer in understanding the speeches or conversations that are ongoing in the movie. According to DePorter, B. and Hernacki, M, (1992) in QUANTUM LEARNING: Unleashing the Genius in You, there are three types of information modalities in human which are visual, auditory and kinesthetic. In this case, the creation of subtitle might help those people who perceive information visually. Another main function of subtitle is to translate foreign language speeches in a movie to aid the native viewer in understanding the foreign movie. As the world is much globalised now, people can watch movies from across the world which might have different languages used and so the role of subtitle here is important which is to translate the foreign language into a particular natives language. Subtitle also helps the audibly impaired movie viewers in watching movies. Although audibly impaired people cannot hear anything, they are still visually potent. Therefore, they can never be neglected as potential customers of filming industry. With the existence of subtitle, it encourages this group of people to watch any movie they like. Positive Effect: A large number of researches based on observations and feedback from students have been done to determine the positive effect of monolingual subtitles on viewer-learners. This type of screen translation, known as subtitle helps a lot in the language acquisition process by providing them with written comprehensible input, which can help the viewer to understand better in the movie. This will indirectly motivates them to continue watching and encourage them to extend their learning and intake of the language. Subtitles encourage positive learning reaction by presenting the movie in both visual and hearing perception, allowing the viewer to have multi-semiotic reception. In most of the case of foreign language viewers, they often learn through hearing, reading and visual perception of images. When an oral dialogue is transformed into written textual material, the outcome must be very accurate and always follows the paste of the speech by actor so that the subtitle can easily combine with the audiovisual make-up of the film or TV program. This is an important part in monolingual subtitling for learning purposes, especially the correspondence between the spoken text and written text as this could ensure the learners feedback is not only exposed to the phonological and orthographic inaccuracies but also to semantic confusion. For example, the movie Bend it like Beckham which uses different linguistic expression has create confusion in the viewer, unless they are gradually guided with explanat ion throughout the movie. Simultaneous presentation of soundtrack and written text improves recognition memory for spoken words and can aid novel word learning, as assessed by explicit and implicit memory tests (Bird and Williams, 2002: 509). Memory and learning are closely related. Annamaria Caimi (2006). The journal of Specialised Translation (6), 14. The term learning is often referring to the process of getting of information, while the term memory is always refer as the storage of information. However, this may be merged together which is considered by psychologists as a mean of incorporating encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Recently, memory researchers discovered that sometimes past events influence our present behavior without our conscious awareness. Such memories are referred as implicit memories. On the other hand, explicit memory refers to conscious and intentional collection of experiences. Implicit memory is been measured by using indirect memory tests while explicit memory has always been measured by using direct memory tests like recall and recognition. A group of university student which consist of fifteen members have volunteered themselves to attend a series of experimental class modules on intralingual subtitled videos. In the early stages of the experiment, the students were been tested on lexical, semantic and visual recognition memory after attending the first module of lessons which they viewed some intralingua subtitled videos. The analysis of their answer shows positive results only if the quality of the subtitles is good and appropriately adapted to the plot, speed of speech, images and scenes. The use of imagery and text as an elaborative study task is examined to determine its effects on tests that are adapted to an explicit recognition memory perspective. The tests are based on word-stem completion, dialogue completion, paraphrasing completion, questions on context, colour/object association, true/false questions, old/new questions, yes/no questions and summary completion. Annamaria Caimi (2006). The journal of Specialised Translation (6), 14. The tests with provisional results have shown that explicit test performance is greatly improved after the students perform an imaginary study task. This improvement is significant as the students are able to imagine the referent of visually presented words and sentences. However, it is very important that the subtitle is kept with its optimal requisites so that the improvements are maximized. Such optimal requisites for a subtitle demand the professional ability of the audiovisual translator, who has to transfer the relevant verbal dialogue into written text to be presented without any changes of meaning. It is very obvious and important that a professional audiovisual translator is not paraphrasing the cues, but rather transforming the dialogue in a concise way by eliminating the redundancies, and sometimes if necessary safeguarding the kernel message which is crucial to the understanding of the scene. The reading and listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, word recognitio n, and overall motivation to read among students will only be improved only if these tight and crucial rules subtitling are been followed appropriately. Negative effects of subtitle: Although subtitle brings benefit to all movie viewers, there are still a few flaws in it. According to Holger Mitterer from Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen and James M. McQueen from Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, foreign subtitles help but native-Language subtitles harm foreign speech perception. Native-language subtitles appear to create lexical interference, but foreign-language subtitles assist speech learning by indicating which words (and hence sounds)are being spoken. Holger Mitterer from Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen and James M. McQueen from Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Foreign Subtitles Help but Native-Language Subtitles Harm Foreign Speech Perception, PLoS One. 2009; 4(11): e7785. Published online 2009 November 11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007785 It is shown that native-Language subtitles harm foreign speech perception as one cannot really perceive foreign language speech due to the fact they perceive them by using the lexical and phonics of their own native language. This way of perceiving will create wrong perception about the lexical and phonics of foreign language as the structure of foreign and native language can never be the same. Imagine an American listener, fluent in Mexican Spanish, watching El Laberinto del fauno [Pans Labyrinth, 3]. She may have considerable difficulty understanding the European Spanish if she is unfamiliar with that language variety. How might she be able to cope better? We argue here that subtitles can help. Critically, the subtitles should be in Spanish, not English. This is because subtitles in the language of the film indicate which words are being spoken, and so can boost speech learning about foreign speech sounds. Holger Mitterer from Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen and James M. McQueen from Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Foreign Subtitles Help but Native-Language Subtitles Harm Foreign Speech Perception, PLoS One. 2009; 4(11): e7785. Published online 2009 November 11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007785 Besides that, subtitle may not completely display all the text speeches in the movie due to time constrain. This will result in poor quality of subtitle; hence, the movie viewers cannot totally rely on subtitle as an aid in capturing and understanding the speeches and conversations that are ongoing in the movie. In this case, if one relies too much on subtitle, he or she may not completely capture the content of the movie. There is one uncommon case about the negative effect of subtitle which is movie subtitle encloses computer virus. According to BitDefender PressCenter, BitDefender has tracked down a spying program which encloses itself in DIVX film subtitle library in the internet. Details inside the virus body may indicate that the author is a Romanian fan of underground music.It tricks users into executing the backdoor, using the name of the movie Kill Bill. The ZIP file was specially crafted, so most antivirus products will not identify the file inside as executable, Mihai Neagu, Virus Researcher at BitDefender Lab said. The backdoor sends network and internet passwords, as well as statistical system information by email, to the virus author, Mihai added. BitDefender PressCenter, 16th October 2010. Previous Studies on Subtitles First study This study was conducted by Abdul Samad.A. He is a student from University of King Ahmed(2006). Abdul Samad.A analyzed the translation of English conditional sentence in The Network Conspiracy movie and its subtitle which is done by Said Saqqaf. Abdul Samad.A took the data from the movie and the subtitle. He studied the process of the translation from spoken language into written language. He interested in study the translation varieties of English conditional structural sentence into Arabic conditional structural sentence. He also analyzed the type of the translation and the message equivalence. Results: He found that there are 21 varieties of the English conditional sentence translated into explicit, implicit, and another Arabic conjunction. Also he found five types of translation into the subtitling (literal translation, word-for-word translation, pragmatic translation, dynamic translation, ethnographic translation) Second Study This study was conducted by Abdul Rauf. A. (2006). He is a student of University of King Ahmed. S. Abdul Rauf studied the comissive utterance in The Hurt Locker movie and its subtitle which is done by M. Hamid and Hnadi. S. Abdul Rauf took the data from the utterance of the movie and its subtitle. He studied the process of the translation from spoken language into written language. He analyzed the equivalence politeness and the accurateness of translation of comissive utterance by using the equivalence and the accurateness translation theory. Results: His study shows some accurate translation and some inaccurate translation. There are 15 (fifteen) from 20 (twenty) data (95.19%) are accurate translation and 6 (six) data (5.81%) are in accurate translation. Related to the politeness equivalence, he found four politenesses in the movie and its translation (positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, and off record) Third Study This study was conducted by Windarta (2008). She is a student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. In this study, Windarta analyzed the condensation strategy in subtitling of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Film. She took the data from dialogue of the actors of the movie and its subtitle. She studied the translation process from spoken language into written language. Then she analyzed the condensation strategy in subtitling the movie. Results: The study showed three main results. First, there are five types of condensation sentence are used in the subtitle (positive interrogative sentence, positive and negative declarative sentence, positive and negative imperative sentence). Second, the reasons of using condensation strategy in this subtitle are related to providing maximum appreciation and comprehension and readability and to the temporal parameter / duration. Third, there are some condensation sentence are non-equivalence. Movies Reviews Journey to the Center of Earth Movie Review: The pioneer live-action feature to make use of new digital 3-D technology has to be Journey to the Centre of Earth. The film producers, however, has lost track of the need to tell a compelling story to enhance the eye candy in producing what amounts to a 90-minutes theme park ride. Although taking its name from one of the most well-known science fiction novels of all centuries, Journey to the Centre of the Earth is as feeble when it meets with fiction as it is when it meets with science. It is undeniably a lengthy gimmick, a chance for special effects whiz-turned-director Eric Brevig to impress the audience with his technical brilliance. In absence of lawful script with credible characters, and with 3-D, a little goes a long way, the thrill ended long before the movie ended. The movies plot is bad. The relationship between Trevor and Sean is dull; neither is developed as more than a puppet to manipulate with in the 3-D surroundings. It is Hannahs role to make Trevor looks like a fool and in the end provide some unexciting romance. The attempt to import some charm by Brendan Fraser that he showed it in The Mummy to this film has generally failed. Trevor is basically just a human face to enter into a world that is a cross between Jurassic Park and Land of the Lost. On the whole, it is just all about its striking 3-D, but after 30 minutes (or so) of pretty images, one begins to desire for more and it makes the movie cant deliver. Take away the 3-D, and theres little remaining. The Karate Kid Movie Review: The karate kid is among the most satisfying and interesting movie Ive seen all year. I like the new star Jaden Smith, who is only 12 years old and the main character in this movie. Smith plays Dre, a Detroit pre-teen who moved to Beijing as his mother was transferred here because of her job. He was able to make fast friends with an American boy and a cute Chinese girl named MeiYing. But a school bully named Cheng makes his life in China a living hell. For many times Dre has given up and please her mother to bring him back to Detroit. Finally, Dre get knew to a local repairman named Mr. Han who teaches him martial arts to defend himself for an upcoming tournament. While teaching the boy, Mr Han learnt some important lessons of his own which is very remarkable. I think this movie has discovered a right and important truth, the audience watching a pre-teen to get bullied and fight back is a lot more powerful and touched than if they are adult. For example, it is quite hard to imagine those kids facing the kinds of chest-caving punches and kicks. It is also a little weird and new to watch kids this little to romance each other while it is less awkward for audience if they were older. The most important is, The Karate Kid also treat the Asian locale with respect, which gave the whole film a greater sense of seriousness and sincereness. Moreover, there are also some acknowledgement of the cultural differences between America and China. The Karate Kid has gorgeous and attractive scenery, and the filmmakers make the most of the local, with the most amazing forbidden city, as well as a nice peek into a temple studying kung-fu deep in the mountains, which is quite a beautiful shot. Jackie Chan, the famous Chinese actor who act as the repairman, Mr Han, has been in bad situation lately in North America, but in Asia, he is moving towards to become a character actor with big films like Little Big Soldier. Jackie got the best role he ever had in America as Han. He really acts very well in this movie, especially in his big emoting scene, in which we get knew to his tragic past, is among the finest acting I have ever seen from him. Finally, I am confused with why is this movie called The Karate Kid but not Kung-Fu Kid as there is absolutely no action of Karate in this movie. I also agreed that the kids who fought Dre were too evil and cruel, so as their coach. Furthermore, this movie is also too long; it runs about 130 minutes, which is too long for an audience to enjoy it. However, this was my only disappointment towards the nice movie. In overall, I think this is a good movie and is a very suitable and worth to watch movie. In fact, I honestly cant remember the last time I felt myself enjoy so thoroughly while I am watching such as well and prefect sort of movie. The Findings Based on our studies, we definitely understand the movie The Journey to The Centre of The Earth better because it has English subtitles. The other movie which is The Karate Kid, it has Chinese subtitles. The movie itself is in English, therefore with the English subtitles, we were able to catch every word spoken by the actors and actresses. Besides that, we learnt how to pronounce it properly. This will helps us in improving our phonics in English language. It is not that we did not understand the Karate Kid movie but surely there are many words that we missed. Having the Chinese subtitle definitely did not help me at all as not everyone knows Chinese. As a consequence, it forces us to download either our own native-language subtitle or English language subtitle from the internet. Downloading subtitles from the internet will put our computers at risk of being infected by virus which is found recently by BitDefender. Thus, to be cost wise, it is safer to have a movie that has both sub titles and speeches in a same language. If we were to say that Mandarin subtitle can help someone who is learning English especially the Chinese themselves, it is definitely a major error of learning English as it is proven that foreign speeches are better off to be with subtitle in the same language. This is because native language subtitle harms foreign speech perception, like in this case of English speeches with Mandarin subtitles. For instance, the Chinese themselves especially those who are not well verse with the basic of English language structure itself, will perceive the structure of English language and Mandarin language whether it is grammatically, lexically or speeches, as the same with each other. Therefore, it is not encouraged for people to learn a foreign language by looking at native language subtitle in a movie; instead they should look for movies that have both speeches and subtitle in the same language. Furthermore, when we use subtitle which is in the same language with the movie, of course it will help us improve our language acquisition process in that particular language as it will expose us to accurate usage of grammar and vocabulary and phonics. If it is the other way, we could get confuse of a particular word spoken and the meaning of it. Because for example, for every line spoken, in the subtitle it will be translated for the whole line. It will not be translated word by word as some English vocabularies are not found in Chinese vocabulary and it would carry different meanings and sometimes it would not even make sense. So, basically the reading and listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, word recognition, and overall motivation to read among students can be improved in this way. Based on the functions of subtitles, it is very essential for a subtitle to present the speech of the actors in a nice and clear way. Somebody can understand the movie better by looking at the subtitle in the same language with the movie while some prefer their mother language. From the positive side of view, a suitable subtitle language can encourage positive learning reaction by presenting the movie in both visual and hearing perception. These will indirectly motivate them to continue watching and encourage them to extend their learning and intake of language. This is very important especially for children and students who are in the process of learning a language and spending most of their time watching movies. Moreover, only when we really understand the movie, then we can really get into the movie and enjoy what the movie is really about. Then, from the negative side of view, sometimes a foreign language subtitles may cause conflict to a person towards the movie as the subtitle may not completely display all the text speeches in the movie due to time constrain. The audience cannot totally rely on subtitle as an aid for capturing and understanding the speeches in the movie. From our own experiences, with the help of subtitles it does make me understand better. We become excited in learning English and it does give me the motivation to learn more as well as mastering the language. We, personally, more prefer subtitles with the same language with the movie itself because to me it is far better if you want to improve a particular language with enjoying the movie at the same time. Like the saying goes, it is like killing two birds with a stone. So, the two hours will not be wasted just for the sake of enjoyment if you can also dig something else out of it. Thereby, the movie of Journey to the Centre of Earth which both of its speeches and subtitles is in English is more understandable than Karate Kid that has English speeches but Mandarin subtitle. Closure In general, I think the subtitles provided do improve my English language. It is very important for a movie to have subtitles so that I can easily understand the story line. For example, sometimes the actor speaks too fast or the actor has weird accent such as British or American accent, I find it quite hard to get what they said, so now subtitles is needed for better understanding. With subtitles, we can learn more about English speaking in other countrys accent. This really helps a lot especially if you are a traveller who travels very often to other country. For an English movie, the subtitle can be in various type of language. In Malaysia, we normally use our four main languages as the subtitle in our movie, which is English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. These languages reflect our country as a multi-racial country which consists mainly of Malays, Chinese and Indians. For subtitle in English language, the subtitle is absolutely same as what the actor is speaking. Therefore, I can learn to speak and the correct pronunciations of a specific word by listening to the actor. Furthermore, I can also easily spot new words in the movie by having the subtitle, thus I can get know to many new vocabularies just by searching those new words in the dictionary. I can also remember the word better if I can see and hear it rather than just hearing it. Next, English subtitle also helps to improve my reading skill. We need to read fast enough so that we can always follow the subtitle and get knew to what the actors really meant in their speaking. Next, for subtitle in Malay, Chinese and Tamil, these are the mother language of our majority race in Malaysia. With these languages as subtitle, we can easily get knew to the new word spoken by the actor as we are very familiar with our own mother language. Furthermore, when watching an English movie with these mother languages subtitles, our brain automatically translate the subtitle into English. Therefore, our English is also indirectly been improved in this way. In conclusion, subtitles in an English movie will definitely help to improve our English language. We must appreciate the work done by all those film makers in making their movies complete with subtitles. Together we watch movie with good subtitle and develop an endless love towards our English language which is one of the most powerful language in the world nowadays.